The external world and the human mind operate by the same physical laws. The functions of the brain like perceiving, reasoning and calculating are done as physical processes. Experiences inherit the mathematical describability of physics: to the extent that natural laws are formulated mathematically, the experiences shaped by the laws are the same. Experiences cannot differ without an underlying physical difference. The explanatory framework that applies to the rest of nature applies equally to the events inside a head.
Mathematical concepts are features of physical structure that have been isolated from surrounding details. This is clear for elementary mathematics and for logic, which can be understood as generalizations over physical regularities. These generalizations are reached by ignoring low-level features and keeping only the structural relations that recur across many systems.
Counting, ordering, equality, conjunction, and the rest do not require Platonic abstractions to be intelligible. They are patterns that physical systems instantiate, and that humans, as physical systems themselves, can detect and manipulate. Physical devices such as computers, abaci, and brains, can manipulate mathematical concepts at all by arranging matter so that its dynamics mirror the relevant pattern of relations. The result is a substructure within physics that is causally relevant at the scale of human experience.
As elementary mathematics is extracted from structural features of physical law, its fit to that law is a consequence of how the abstraction is constructed. Advanced mathematics such as group theory in particle physics and Riemannian geometry in general relativity were developed in greater generality than physics required. Physics, when it was formulated precisely, found among them the substructures that fit. In either case, the underlying mechanism is structural correspondence sustained by the selection and refinement of those structures that prove apt and the abandonment of those that do not.
Once abstraction is understood this way, the relationship between physics and higher-level structure becomes familiar. A physical computer can be arranged so that its low-level dynamics simulate Conway’s Game of Life, a two-dimensional cellular automaton whose rules are vastly simpler than those of the underlying transistors. Conversely, a Game of Life configuration can be made to simulate logic gates, a Turing machine, or even another instance of the Game of Life. Both directions of the relation reflect the substrate-independence of computation: the Game of Life is Turing-complete, and so is the general-purpose computer that runs it. Either can implement any computable function.
The abstraction at each level is causally efficacious at that level: gliders collide, signals propagate and computations terminate, regardless of what physical substrate ultimately implements them. This is what philosophers of mind call multiple realizability: the same higher-level structure can be realized by many distinct lower-level physical setups.
The same logic applies to experience. Experiential setups like counted objects are targets for mathematical analysis. This is no different in kind from arranging a computer to run the Game of Life. In both cases we are selecting a substructure of the physical world that supports a particular high-level description. The description is no less real for having been selected.
Olympian is an Indo-European language spoken by the barbarian overlords who ruled Mount Olympus. From there, they launched raids that ravaged the surrounding countryside. Later ages deified them as gods. The name Zeus derives directly from the Olympian word ʒīw, meaning “god”.
Olympian is a genderless language with a default SOV word order. OSV word order is used to topicalize the object, and historical cases have decayed into clitics. The language is directly descended from the Titanic language Othryian.
In some ways, Olympian is a very archaic language. In other ways, it has been radically simplified.
Phonology
Stops: p, b, t, d, k, g
Fricatives: v, ð, ʒ, ɣ, h, ʁ
Nasals: m, n, ɲ
Liquid / glides: l, ʎ, w, y
Short oral vowels: i, a, u (e and o are rare, occurring almost exclusively in diphthongs or as nasals)
Long vowels: ī, ū, ē, ō
Nasal vowels: ĩ, ẽ, ã, õ, ũ
Front-rounded vowel: ü (< iu)
Diphthongs: ei, ou, au, ai, ia (including nasal variants)
Phonotactics and Stress
The maximum syllable structure is CCVCC, though syllables are typically smaller. Permitted onsets include stop+liquid (pʁ, bʁ, tʁ, vʁ), stop+glide (tw, dy, kw), and palatal sonorant clusters (ʎ, ɲw). Three-consonant onsets have been eliminated entirely. Codas allow for a single consonant, a glide+sibilant cluster (such as wʒ or yʒ), a nasal-vowel+obstruent, or a sonorant+obstruent.
The Ghost of the Sibilants: Historical sibilants underwent debuccalization and eventual deletion. When this occurred word-medially before a consonant, it triggered compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel (e.g., *\*VsT* > *\*V:T*). However, when sibilants dropped word-initially before a stop (e.g., PIE *\*st-*), there was no preceding vowel to lengthen; instead, it resulted in bare fortis stops (t, p, k) that resist voicing assimilation in modern Olympian.
Prosody: Stress is fixed by weight on a four-tier scale: long vowel (4) > diphthong / nasal (3) > closed-short (2) > open-short (1). Ties resolve to the leftmost heavy syllable. Critically, a word-final closed-short syllable is demoted to light status. This stress system explains why every Othryian -u ending reduces and apocopates: the stress is pulled rightward to the heaviest non-final syllable, leaving the grammatical case suffix weak and vulnerable to erosion.
From Othryian to Olympian: the Ordered Sound Changes
The transition was rapid by historical standards, perhaps four or five generations, and the changes interacted in a strict feeding order. The most consequential are listed below in the order they applied.
Initial /t/-drop. Word-initial /t-/ before a vowel deleted unconditionally (tiku > iku > ika “craftsman”; tealu > ealu > iaw “standing-stone”). The /tr-/ cluster was protected by its onset partner (triyi > tʁi “three”).
Geminate simplification. /tt, dd, kk, pp, bb, gg/ collapsed to a single segment, but the resulting stop continued to behave as fortis under apocope (see §6).
Prosody-conditioned vowel reduction. Stress was assigned by the four-tier weight system above. The final unstressed vowel reduced to schwa (/-ə/, or /-ə̃/ if originally nasal); medial unstressed long vowels and diphthongs centralised toward their first element.
Palatalisation. Coronals and dorsals palatalised before an unreduced front vowel: t,k → tʃ; d,g → dʒ; θ,x → ʃ; ð,ɣ → ʒ. Before /i, ī/ specifically, n → ɲ and l → ʎ. Crucially, this rule fired after reduction, so a final /-i/ that had already become schwa did not trigger palatalisation. This is why iti “is” surfaces as ia (no palatalisation) while viriθi “carries” surfaces as viʁi (medial /θ/ before unreduced /i/ does palatalise).
Debuccalisation. All voiceless fricatives merged with /h/: f, θ, x, ʃ → h.
Lenition I. Word-initial /h/ before a vowel dropped. Intervocalically: /h/ → ∅; /ð/ → ∅; /v/ → /w/; /y/ → ∅; /g/ → /y/ between front vowels, /w/ otherwise. Adjacent identical short vowels then contracted.
Nasalisation. A vowel before a tautosyllabic /n, m/, whether word-final or pre-obstruent, absorbed the nasal: /Vn/ > /Ṽ/, /Vm/ > /Ṽ/.
Apocope. The final schwa was resolved by context. After a sonorant (or nasal vowel) plus stop, both the stop and the schwa dropped (murt-ə > muʁ; liwk-ə > ʎiw). After /h/, both /h/ and the schwa dropped (/h/ is not a legal coda). After an obstruent, the schwa strengthened to /a/ (tikə > ika; viaʒə > viaʒa). After a sonorant alone, the schwa dropped (iru > iʁ; inu > in). In vowel-vowel hiatus, the schwa dropped unless the prior syllable was a bare short vowel (iə > ia; triə > tri).
Final stop drop. A word-final /p, t, k, d/ deleted in monosyllabic stems (up > u, nut > nu, poud > pou) and after a homorganic nasal coda (unp > un). Stops were retained after a nasal vowel (pĩp “five”, ʒiãt “ten”) and within /-rd/, /-rt/ clusters (eiʁd “heart”).
Uvularisation. All /r/ became /ʁ/.
L-vocalisation. Coda /l/ before a consonant or word-finally became /w/; palatalised /ʎ/ was unaffected.
Diphthong realignment. Stressed /ea/ raised to /ia/ (ealu > iaw; peati > piā). Stressed /iu/ in a final monosyllable became the front-rounded /ü/ (niu > ɲü); before a coda, /iu/ became /ia/ (wiur > wiaʁ).
Lenition II. A second wave of intervocalic weakening reached newly exposed stops: p → b, t → ∅, k → ∅, b → w (iku > ika > ia via this rule, but the irregular form tiku > ika shows the morpheme boundary blocked the deletion).
Hiatus smoothing. Where two oral vowels remained adjacent without a separating consonant, /y/ was inserted in front contexts and /w/ in back contexts (iūlu > iyūw; cf. the modern clitic boundary rule).
The interaction of stress assignment (3), apocope (9), and final stop drop (10) is responsible for the dramatic morphological shape of Olympian: nouns lose their case suffixes wholesale, while finite verbs in -θi retain the /-i/ as a vestigial finiteness marker (palatalisation+debuccalisation+Lenition I yields a regular /-Ci/ that survives the apocope.)
Nouns and Plurality
Nouns occur in a single invariant form. Historically, the Othryian Direct (nominative) -u was prosodically weak and reduced to a schwa, then either dropped completely (e.g., dīwu > ʒīw), strengthened to -a when its onset was an obstruent that needed support (e.g., tiku > ika, viaʒu > viaʒa), or fed irregular contractions (e.g., uni > ũa). The Objective (accusative) endings -un and -um nasalised into a final nasal vowel (e.g., umtun > ũã). The Possessive, Dative, Instrumental, and Vocative endings all reduced or dropped. Olympian speakers eventually reanalyzed these resulting variant surface endings as lexical accidents.
Number is unmarked on most nouns. When necessary, plurality is indicated by numerals, the quantifier muʁya (“many”, from Othryian muriyo), or the enclitic =a in a partitive construction (“of the _”). A fossilized plural -ou survives in a few archaic and ritual forms, such as dīwou (“the gods”), which is used in formal invocations.
Clitics and Case Markers
All five clitics are unstressed and bind phonologically to the preceding word. They participate in the host’s stress domain but do not themselves attract stress. Hiatus across the clitic boundary is resolved by a glide-epenthesis rule: inserting y after front vowels and w after back vowels. The clitic itself maintains a fixed surface form, similar to the Persian ezafe -e/-ye.
Genitive (=a): Derived from Othryian i (relative). Marks possessor, adnominal modifier, and compound head-marking.
Differential Object (=nã): Derived from Othryian an (definite marker). Marks specific direct objects, typically definite, human, or otherwise prominent referents, mirroring the Persian -rā and Hindi -ko systems. A bare object is non-specific or indefinite (ʒīw aũ “he sees a god / gods”) versus a marked definite object (ʒīw=nã aũ “he sees the god”). Applies to definite/animate direct objects only.
Instrumental / Comitative (=miu): Derived from Othryian me (“with”). Indicates instrument, means, or accompaniment.
Locative / Dative (=ẽ): Derived from Othryian en (“in”). Indicates location, goal, or indirect object.
Ablative / Source (=aw): Derived from Othryian au (“from”). Indicates source, origin, partitive, or “than”.
Examples:
uʁeiʒ=a eiʁd (king=GEN heart) “the king’s heart”
ũa=miu ʒweiʁ vĩ (sword=INS wild.beast strike-3SG) “with a sword he strikes the wild beast”
ðeʒã=aw piawʁ oua (earth=ABL fire rises=swift) “from the earth fire rises swiftly”
Pronouns
Form
1st Sg.
2nd Sg.
1st Pl.
Proximal (PROX)
Distal (DIST)
Direct (DIR)
iʒou
tū
wiy
i
u
Objective (OBJ)
mei
twei
nou
ĩ
ũ
Possessive (POSS)
miɲ
iw
uya
(Uses =a clitic)
(Uses =a clitic)
The proximal i (from Othryian i, from Ouranian še) is a demonstrative, relativizer, and the source of the genitive clitic =a. The distal u (from Othryian u, from Ouranian so) is grammaticalizing toward a definite article in formal narrative contexts: u uʁeiʒ “the king (we were speaking of)”.
Olympian requires overt subject pronouns in most contexts. This is the direct structural consequence of verbal syncretism. Because a single present ending -i covers the 2sg, 3sg, and 2pl forms, recovering person from context alone became unreliable. Therefore, pronouns placed directly in front of the verb carry the necessary grammatical weight.
Verbs
Othryian iθi (3sg, and 2pl) and -ī (2sg) both yielded Olympian -i after undergoing palatalization, deaffrication, and apocope. The response, mirroring the evolution of French and Middle English, was to promote subject pronouns to an obligatory status.
Modern Olympian Conjugation: viʁi- “carry”
Person
Present
Past
1st Sg.
viʁou
viʁã
2nd Sg.
viʁi
viʁ
3rd Sg.
viʁi
viʁt
1st Pl.
viʁum
viʁã=wiy (Periphrastic)
2nd Pl.
viʁi
viʁã=tū-wiy (Periphrastic)
3rd Pl.
viʁũ
viʁũt
Because the present 2sg, 3sg, and 2pl are identical (viʁi), they must be disambiguated by the subject pronoun: tū viʁi “you (sg) carry”, u viʁi “he/she carries”, tū-wiy viʁi “you (pl) carry” (using the innovative plural-marking clitic -wiy). The “finite marker” -i has effectively been reanalyzed as a general present-tense inflection. Similarly, -t (from the old 3sg past -it) has generalized as a past-tense marker carried by most persons.
The Periphrastic Plural Past: The historical 1st and 2nd person plural past forms were lost during the apocope shift. To fill this gap, modern speakers developed a periphrastic construction fusing the active participle with the plural enclitic. Thus, “we carried” is rendered as viʁã=wiy (literally “carrying-we”) and “you all carried” as viʁã=tū-wiy.
Historical Etymology
Person
Othryian Ancestor
PIE Ancestor
1st Sg.
virou / virun
*-ō / *-om
2nd Sg.
virī / viri
*-esi / *-es
3rd Sg.
viriθi / virit
*-eti / *-et
1st Pl.
virumu
*-omos
2nd Pl.
viriθi
*-ete
3rd Pl.
virunti / virunt
*-onti / *-ont
Imperative: The 2sg is the bare stem: viʁ! “carry!”, vĩ! “strike!” (< vin-), ʒnou! “know!”. The 3sg imperative survives strictly in archaic ritual commands: viʁü! “let him carry!” (< Othryian viriθu, with iu monophthongizing to ü).
Participles: The active participle is -ã (< Othryian -unt), producing forms like viʁã “carrying, one who carries”. The passive participle is a zero-morph -ø (< Othryian -tu), producing forms like viʁ “carried, borne”, which is homophonous with the 2sg past.
Syntax
SOV word order is required in neutral discourse: wiy ʒweiʁ=nã vĩum (1PL beast=DOM strike-1PL) “we strike the beast”. OSV is employed to topicalize the object.
The noun phrase is strictly head-final. Modifiers precede the head: adjective + noun (muʁ wīʁ “dead hero”), numeral + noun (tʁi ʒweiʁ “three beasts”), and genitive + head via clitic (uʁeiʒ=a eiʁd “king’s heart”). A demonstrative + noun uses the distal u in a weak-article role: u uʁeiʒ “the (aforementioned) king”.
Relative clauses are head-final, using i as the relativizer. The relative clause precedes its head noun: [i vĩ] wīʁ “the hero who strikes”, translating literally to “[who strikes] hero”. This structure mirrors the Persian pattern ([ke mizanad] pahlavān).
Yes/no questions are formed by sentence-final rising intonation with no overt marker. Content questions use interrogative pronouns (kwa “who?”; kwi “what?”) in situ, fronted only for emphasis.
The negative particle ɲi (< Othryian ne < PIE *ne, palatalized before the front vowel) precedes the finite verb: u ɲi vĩ “he does not strike”. Clause-initial ɲi delivered with emphatic stress expresses absolute denial: ɲi! kwa ʒnou “No! Who knows?”.
Sample Text
nu=a ɲiw=a ueiʁ, “Star of the night, of the cloud-sky,”
uʁeiʒ=a uyha ia. “the king’s oath stands firm.”
ʎiw unmuʁ ia, ʒīw ia. “glory is immortal, the sacred endures.”
Olympian Lexicon (Alphabetized by Category)
Note on Semantic Shifts: As the Olympians established their rule, older terminology shifted to reflect administrative and theological concepts. For example, ʁiw (raw flesh) became a derogatory term for mortal subjects; uʁyun (war-chief) shifted to mean a sovereign judge; and ʒeimã (custom) formalized into the concept of divine law. Conversely, words like u (life-force) adopted connotations aligned with entropic decay.
Ligurian (Greek Λίγυες, Latin Ligurēs; natively Ligos) is an Indo-European language spoken in the city of Ligos, on the site of present-day Istanbul. Noun ligā (f.) = “tongue, binding speech.” In a parallel dimension, Ligurian never went extinct. Despite being conquered by Greeks several times during their wars with the Persians and Medes, the Ancient Ligurians still rule the Kingdom of the Strait (Rezā Dorās, Heart Speech Reazō-yō Nuorō̃).
Ligos is an Indo-European language that underwent partial satemization. It exists in a state of diglossia. Official communication occurs in Sauleis Bazdā (Solar Speech), the classical literary form. The spoken language is Mazdō-yō Heardō̃ (Heart Speech) when contrasted with Solar Speech, but is commonly called simply Liɣu (Ligurian). Between them lies Vulgar Ligurian, the late spoken register of Solar Speech that gave rise to Heart Speech, paralleling the relationship between Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin, and the Romance languages. Three stages: Solar Speech (Sauleis Bazdā) → Vulgar Ligurian → Heart Speech (Mazdō-yō Heardō̃, commonly Liɣu).
Ligos is an extremely conservative language dedicated to linguistic purity. The Ligurians are the most culturally conservative Indo-European nation in the world. When the Ligurians overthrew the Greeks and founded a native kingdom in the early 11th century, they removed all medieval religions from the state and revived Orphic Neoplatonism from Byzantine sources and surviving folk traditions. Official statements interpret this extreme conservatism as an attempt to revive ancient pluralism against medieval dogmatism. Adherents of other religions don’t quite see it that way.
Notes on the Solar Speech
I · Phonology
Consonants: p t k · b d g · s z · m n · r l · w y
Vowels: a e i o u · ā ē ī ō ū
Diphthongs: ai ei oi au eu ou
Onsets: C · stop+liquid · s+stop · s+stop+liquid · z+stop · sw · sn · stop+s
The voiced sibilant z marks the Indo-European layer (from *ǵ, *ǵʰ, and intervocalic *s). Its absence can indicate the pre-IE substrate, which uses prenasalized stops (mb, nd, ng), geminates (ss, ll, nn, tt), and Mediterranean suffixes (-inthos, -anthos, -assos).
s-voicing: *s→z / V_V (productive in verb paradigms; frozen in nouns)
*wes-eti→wezeti
8
Semivowel hardening: *w→b / V[s,z]_
9
Late syncope: *uel→ul
*sauel→saul
Satemization is the dominant reflex but not absolute. A number of words, especially numerals, ritual vocabulary, and body-part terms, preserve the original velar stops (*ḱ→k, *ǵ→g, *ǵʰ→g). These centum survivals are characteristic of the Balkan IE area and parallel the mixed reflexes attested in historical Thracian onomastics. Examples: genton “flesh” (centum *ǵ→g) beside satem zen- “beget”; dekam “ten” and kamtón “hundred” (centum *ḱ→k) beside satem s in serdā “heart.” The depalatalization before nasals (2a) may reflect an early centum tendency in certain phonological environments.
Laryngeal note: *oh₂ merges with *eh₂ → ā (a-coloring dominates), while *oh₃ → ō as expected. This asymmetry reflects the strong a-coloring power of *h₂ in the Balkan IE environment, paralleling similar developments in Thracian and Phrygian.
Per pāwar ta zelān, per zbelān ta Naktān, geneti martos anmartos.
Through fire and wine, through lightning and Night, the mortal becomes immortal.
Esmi az dázās ta Naktās zeltās pūris.
I am a child of Earth and golden Night.
Genése en pāwarōi wisā oinon.
In fire all things became one.
Sā ligā esti pāwar dīwās, zelās zebrā yewā.
This tongue is the fire of heaven, wine’s sacred rite.
Zelāi Umnos (Hymn to Wine)
Ek brugō rudō zelān wisān pōi,
From the red fruit, drink all the wine,
sā esti esār Sabáziō, genton dēsōn,
this is the blood of Sabazios, flesh of the gods,
yos en Naktāi sersāi dēsos genése ta derése.
who in black Night was born as a god and was torn apart.
Zelā anā ōs martōn zewtā,
Wine, poured upon the mouth of mortals,
anmarton pōtón en martāi serdāi aydeti,
kindles an immortal drink in the mortal heart,
ta psūkān ek dázās anā asteróns lēti.
and releases the soul from earth up to the stars.
Vulgar Ligurian
Phase I: Stress → penultimate. The sole phonological innovation of the spoken register. Creates conditions for Heart Speech vowel breaking.
Feature
Solar Speech
Vulgar Ligurian
Stress
mobile (lexical)
fixed penultimate
Cases
7
5 (instrumental merges with locative)
Genders
3
2 (neuter → masculine)
Verb system
thematic / athematic
athematics regularizing to thematic
Word order
VSO
SOV emerging as prose default
Relative *yos
clause-introducer
postpositive linker (→ ezafe)
The relative pronoun yos/yā/yon begins postpositive use as a linker: pāwar-yos dīwās “fire which-is of-heaven” → “the fire of heaven.” This is the precursor of the Heart Speech ezafe, paralleling Old Persian hya-/tya- → modern Persian ezafe -e.
Notes on the Heart Speech
A descendant of the Solar Speech (Sauleis Bazdā). Predominantly voiced, with voiceless stops and /s/ preserved from cluster reductions.
Breaking details (VI): Breaking is blocked after voiced fricatives (v, ɣ) to avoid awkward clusters. In trisyllabic words, breaking targets the first non-initial nucleus first; if blocked, it falls back to the penultimate. In words of four or more syllables, the penultimate is tried first, with fallback to the antepenultimate. The nucleus detector treats sequences of i + non-high vowel (a, e, o, ā, ō, ē) as separate nuclei.
Final -i lengthening (VIII): Word-final -i lengthens to -ī after dental, nasal, and fricative consonants (t, d, ð, z, n, m), preserving the distinction between noun -i (i-stem DIR) and verb -ī (2sg, infinitive).
Late cluster repair (X): Initial ztr- voices to zdr- alongside zb- → zv-, maintaining the Heart Speech preference for voiced onsets.
Consonants: b d g · p t k · v ð ɣ · z s (only in st/sp/sk) · h (initial) · m n · r l · y
Voiceless stops occur: word-initially (from #sC reduction), after liquids, after nasal vowels, and in voiceless clusters (st, sk, kt, pt). /s/ only before voiceless stops. /h/ word-initially (from #s-).
Vowels: a e i o u · ā ō ī ū · ã ẽ ĩ õ ũ ō̃ ī̃ ū̃ (nasal). Diphthongs: ao ea uo (from breaking); ai au oi ou ev (inherited).
Stress: penultimate, invariable. Stressed short a/e/o break to ao/ea/uo in open syllables and before liquid+C (not word-initially).
3 · Nouns
Two genders (masculine, feminine). Former neuters → masculine. Five cases:
Note: Heart Speech mī is both the 1sg oblique pronoun (from Solar me) and the prohibitive particle (from Solar mē, via Phase III ē→ī). The prohibitive always precedes a jussive verb form. 1sg DIR aoz is irregular (breaking in monosyllable; cf. Solar az).
5 · Adjectives
Agree in gender: masculine –u, feminine –ō. Linked to head by Ezafe (§6). Past passive participle in –ðu (f. –ðō) functions as adjective.
M / F
Meaning
Source
nuvu / nuvō
deep
dubos
zvōðu / zvōðō
sweet
swādos
Hymnic register: Sacred epithets take feminine -ō regardless of head gender: Zealtō Bōvaryo Ãmaortō “To the Golden Undying Fire.”
6 · The Ezafe (Construct State)
Suffixed linker on the HEAD noun, agreeing with the head’s gender: -yo (m), -yō (f), -yũ (pl). Links to adjectives and possessors. Possessors take oblique. Origin: Solar relative pronoun *yos/yā/yon → Vulgar postpositive linker → Heart Speech agreement suffix (cf. Old Persian hya- → Persian -e).
Geminate simplification (XI): Phase XI voicing of s→z may create geminate zz (from original ss), which simplifies to z. E.g. copula 2sg Solar essi → ezī. Phase VIII final -i lengthening applies after dental, nasal, and fricative consonants (t, d, ð, z, n, m).
Verb Stems
Present
Past
Meaning
← Solar
ayð-
ayðī-
kindle
ayd-
blīð-
blīðī-
fill
plē-
dream-
dreamī-
tremble
trem-
ez-
ezī- / īz
be (copula)
es-
geam-
geamī-
come
gem-
gean-
geanī-
become
gen-
haon-
haonī-
sing
san-
hẽt-
hẽtī-
be (3pl copula)
es- (3pl senti)
hẽtea-
hẽteaī-
send
sent-
hlūð-
hlūðī-
hear
slū-
mear-
mearī-
carry
ber-
mōð-
mōðī-
speak
bā-
naol-
naolī-
protect
dal-
nearze-
nearzeī-
gaze
ders-
nūð-
nūðī-
give
dō-
reaz-
reazī-
direct, plan
rez-
tōð-
tōðī-
stand
stā-
veart-
veartī-
turn
wert-
veaz-
veazī-
wear
wes-
vear-
vearī-
open
wer-
veið-
veiðī-
see
weid-
zeav-
zeavī-
pour
zew-
beav-
beavī-
purify
pew-
bleaɣ-
bleaɣī-
weave
plek-
bleav-
bleavī-
flow
plew-
būð-
būðī-
drink
pō-
dōz-
dōzī-
be silent
tās-
eð-
eðī-
eat
ed-
ev-
evī-
offer
ep-
ezear-
ezearī-
rouse
ezer-
geal-
gealī-
strike
kel-
geav-
geavī-
seize
geb-
glōv-
glōvī-
close
klāw-
heaɣ-
heaɣī-
follow
sek-
heal-
healī-
conceal
sel-
hōɣ-
hōɣī-
seek
sāg-
līð-
līðī-
release
lē-
maor-
maorī-
die
mar-
mean-
meanī-
remember
men-
mẽd-
mẽdī-
bind
bend-
near-
nearī-
tear
der-
pearz-
pearzī-
scatter
sperz-
teiɣ-
teiɣī-
walk
steig-
8 · Split Ergativity
Tense-based split: the verb always agrees with whichever argument is in Direct case.
Agent
Patient
Verb agrees with
Present transitive
DIR
OBL
Agent
Past transitive
OBL
DIR
Patient
Intransitive (both)
S = DIR
S
Aoz zealō̃ zeavã.
“I pour wine.” (present: aoz DIR, zealō̃ OBL, verb 1sg)
Mī zealō zeavīeð.
“Wine was poured by me.” (past: mī OBL, zealō DIR, verb 3sg agrees with wine)
Līðō̃ aoz ne meanīã.
“Forgetting did not hold me.” (past: līðō̃ OBL agent, aoz DIR patient, verb 1sg)
9 · Syntax & Particles
Word order: SOV (prose); V-initial or free (hymnic). Postpositions:ẽ “in” (+LOC), eɣ “from” (+OBL), ber “through” (+OBL). Coordination:da “and”; asyndeton in hymnic register. Relative clauses: complementizer ðī. Questions: fronted interrogative; particle ðō for yes/no. Conditional:yãō “if/when” + present (realis) or past (irrealis). Copula drop: permitted in equative sentences (hymnic register).
Form
Meaning
Notes
da
and
coordinator
ne
not
+indicative
mī
don’t
prohibitive +jussive
ẽ
in, within
+LOC
eɣ
from
+OBL
ber
through
+OBL
anō
upon
+OBL
ðī
that
complementizer
ðō
(question)
yes/no particle
yãō
when, if
conditional
iðī
thus
nū̃
now
eiðū
behold!
evū
(ecstatic cry)
ō
O!
vocative interjection
Irregular particles:yãō “when/if” (← Solar yana): nasalization and contraction (regular: *yaona). neðū “down” (← nedō): prefix ne- blocks Phase VI breaking (regular: *neaðū). anō “up” (← anō): frozen before Phase III ō→ū (regular: *anū). dvū “two” (← dwō): archaic dw- resists Phase II (regular: *nvū).
10 · Sample Sentences
Hao nīzu-yo nuomõ bōvarū ẽ estī.
“The god’s house is in the fire.” (nīzu-yo nuomõ = god-EZ.M house.OBL)
Dū gao ezmī ðō?
“Who are you?” (fronted interrogative + yes/no particle)
Yãō bōvar ayðeð, heardō geanīeð.
“When fire kindles, the heart is born.” (conditional + past intransitive)
11 · Register
Feature
Prose
Hymnic
Word order
SOV
V-initial / free
Adjective gender
Agrees with head
Feminine -ō for sacred epithets
Vocative
DIR + ō
Archaic parent-language endings
Coordination
da “and”
Asyndeton
Copula
Required
May be dropped
Ezafe
Required
May be dropped in epithets and invocations
12 · Hymn to the Golden Undying Fire
I · Proem
Ō bōvar! Ō bōvar heanu da zevru! O fire! O ancient, sacred fire!
Ō brōmu ayðu, orpō̃ eɣ zealũð! O first blaze, gleaming from darkness!
Naktō̃ eɣ geanðu, nīvō̃ eɣ ayðu Born from Night, kindled from heaven
heardō̃ veartō̃ da aivõ reazu! lord of the heart’s wheel and eternity!
II · Theogony
Bōvarū ẽ vizō oinu geanīeð. In fire, all things became one.
Hao bōvar-yo nīvō̃ īz; hao oinu, hao brōmu. He was the fire of heaven; he, the one, the first.
Hũ nīzõz-yũ Naktō̃ hao nearīeð. The gods of Night tore him.
Hũ ostõ-yo hõ azō̃ ber pearzīeð. They scattered his bones through ash.
Hũ ezōr-yo hõ naozō̃ ber zeavīeð. They poured his blood through earth.
III · Anthropogony
Hũ naozō̃ da zvealō̃ eɣ ayðīeð bōvar. From earth and lightning, fire was kindled.
Hũ azō̃ da ostõ eɣ geanīeð heardō. From ash and bone, the heart was born.
Maortō heardō ãmaortō̃ bōvar ẽ. A mortal heart with immortal fire within.
IV · Declaration
Aoz būri-yo naozō̃ da Naktō-yō zealtō̃ ezmī. I am a child of Earth and golden Night.
Aoz maortu ezmī ezōr-yo mī nīvō̃ eɣ estī. I am mortal but my blood is from heaven.
Aoz bōvar-yo heardō̃ znūðu ezmī. I am a knower of the heart’s fire.
Aoz avō-yō aðimeanō̃ eɣ būðīã. I drink from the water of memory.
Līðō̃ aoz ne meanīã. Forgetting did not hold me.
V · Prayer
Bōvar ber da zealō̃ ber, zvealō̃ ber da Naktō̃ ber, maortu ãmaortu geaneð! Through fire and wine, through lightning and Night, the mortal becomes immortal!
Hūɣō-yō mũ ber zealō̃ zeavea! Pour wine through our souls!
Mẽdō̃z-yũ mũ nearea! Tear our chains!
Mũ veartō̃ eɣ lī! Release us from the wheel!
Vocabulary
Nouns
Solar
Heart
Meaning
Type
aiwon
aivõ
eternity
M‹N›
algos
algu
pain, grief
M
apā
avō
water
F
armonā
armuonō
harmony
F
asā
azō
ash
F
atimenā
aðimeanō
anamnesis
F
ausā
auzō
dawn
F
awēā
avīō
wind, breath
F
aydolā
ayðuolō
torch
F
aydos
ayðu
blaze
M
bazdā
mazdō
word, speech
F
bendā
mẽdō
chain
F
berzā
mearzō
mountain, height
F
bewdā
mevdō
awakening
F
brugos
mruɣu
fruit
M
bīwā
mīvō
life
F
danzwā
nãzvō
tongue
F
dekam
neaɣã
ten (centum *ḱ→k)
—
dersā
nearzō
gaze
F
dorā
nuorō
gate
F
dázā
naozō
earth
F
dómos
nuomu
house
M
dēsos
nīzu
god
M
dīwā
nīvō
heaven
F
esbos
ezbu
horse
M
esār
ezōr
blood
M‹N›
gebā
geavō
seizure
F
genton
gẽtõ
flesh, body (centum *ǵ→g)
M‹N›
genuā
gẽvō
knee (centum *ǵ→g)
F
hūlā
hūlō
matter
F
kamtón
gãtõ
hundred (centum *ḱ→k)
M‹N›
kósmā
gozmō
cosmos
F
lewdā
levdō
the people, freedom
F
lezā
leazō
law
F
ligā
liɣō
tongue, speech
F
lētā
līðō
release, forgetting
F
menā
meanō
thought
F
moisā
moizō
ecstasy
F
mēlon
mīlõ
limb, joint
M‹N›
mētron
mīðrõ
measure
M‹N›
Naktā
Naktō
Night
F
nóos
nou
mind
M
orpā
orpō
darkness
F
ostón
ostõ
bone
M‹N›
pewtis
bevdī
purification
F.i
psūkā
hūɣō
soul
F
pāwar
bōvar
fire
M‹N›
pōtón
būðõ
drink, potion
M‹N›
pūris
būri
child
i
ramā
raomō
calm, peace
F
rezon
reazõ
principle
M‹N›
rezós
reazu
ruler, lord
M
rezā
reazō
governance
F
sanā
haonō
song
F
sarsā
haorzō
head, summit
F
selā
healō
concealment, veil
F
serdā
heardō
heart
F
sewā
heavō
void
F
smeā
zmeō
smile, laughter
F
snēā
znīō
thread, web
F
stelā
tealō
balance
F
strewā
treavō
stream
F
sunos
hunu
dog, hound
M
swepós
zveavu
sleep
M
Sáulis
Hauli
the Sun
i
sālā
hōlō
beauty
F
teksā
deazō
craft, art
F
tāsā
dōzō
sacred silence
F
umnos
ũnu
hymn (Greek ὕμνος)
M
weidā
veiðō
image, vision
F
wertā
veartō
revolution, wheel
F
werzā
vearzō
work, labor
F
westis
vestī
garment
i
wērā
vīrō
truth
F
wōkā
vūɣō
voice, utterance
F
yewā
yeavō
rite, sacred law
F
yugon
yuɣõ
yoke
M‹N›
zbelā
zvealō
lightning
F
zelā
zealō
wine, gleam
F
zerā
zearō
glow
F
zewtron
zevdrõ
vessel
M‹N›
zāwā
zōvō
joy
F
ōson
ūzõ
mouth
M‹N›
Agent Nouns
Solar
Heart
Meaning
pewtā
bevdō
purifier
werztā
vearzdō
worker
znōtā
znūðō
knower
tekstā
destō
craftsman
zelozewōn
zelozeavū̃
wine-pourer, hierophant
naktosanōn
naktohaonū̃
night-singer
Compounds
Heart Speech compounds are formed from already-derived Heart stems (post-change compounding). Each element undergoes the full sound change pipeline independently; the first element is stripped of its case ending and joined to the head by the linking vowel -o-.
Most fascists don’t believe in their ideas as such. What fascists call “truths” are not facts:
Sometimes they are lying as a flex. They are saying obviously false things that denigrate the people they perceive as enemies. The intended effect is: “We are so strong, we can say and do whatever we want. We are not beholden to your woke facts.”
Fascists are constructivists like contemporary social theory (Heidegger is the unifying link). They think civilized people say certain things. They are trying to will a civilized society into existence by saying those things.
Stressed short a→ao, e→ea, o→uo / open syllable or liquid+C [not word-initial]. For trisyllabic words, breaking targets the root vowel; for 4+ syllables, penultimate with retraction.
Suffixed linker on the HEAD noun, agreeing with the head’s gender: -yo (m), -yō (f), -yũ (pl). Links to adjectives and possessors. Possessors take oblique.
Rule: Oblique and construct cannot co-occur on the same noun. When both are needed, Ezafe takes precedence; oblique falls on the final element of the chain.
avō-yō aðimeanō̃ (water-EZ.F memory.OBL)
7 · Verbs
Two stems: present (imperfective) and past (present stem + -ī-, perfective). One agreement paradigm for both:
Mī zealō zeavīeð. “Wine was poured by me.” (past: mī OBL, zealō DIR, verb 3sg agrees with wine)
Līðō̃ aoz ne meanīã. “Forgetting did not hold me.” (past: līðō̃ OBL agent, aoz DIR patient, verb 1sg)
9 · Syntax
Word order: SOV (prose); V-initial or free (hymnic). Postpositions:ẽ “in” (+LOC), eɣ “from” (+OBL), ber “through” (+OBL). Coordination:da “and”; asyndeton in hymnic register. Relative clauses: complementizer ðī. Questions: fronted interrogative; particle ðō for yes/no. Conditional:yãō “if/when” + present (realis) or past (irrealis). Copula drop: permitted in equative sentences (hymnic register).
10 · Register
Feature
Prose
Hymnic
Word order
SOV
V-initial / free
Adjective gender
Agrees with head
Feminine -ō for sacred epithets
Vocative
DIR + ō
Archaic parent-language endings
Coordination
da “and”
Asyndeton
Copula
Required
May be dropped
Ezafe
Required
May be dropped in epithets and invocations
11 · Hymn to the Golden Undying Fire
I · Proem
Ō bōvar! Ō bōvar heanu da zevru! O fire! O ancient, sacred fire!
Ō brōmu ayðu, orpō̃ eɣ zealũð! O first blaze, gleaming from darkness!
Naktō̃ eɣ geanðu, nīvō̃ eɣ ayðu Born from Night, kindled from heaven
heardō̃ veartō̃ da aivõ reazu! lord of the heart’s wheel and eternity!
II · Theogony
Bōvarū ẽ vizō oinu geanīeð. In fire, all things became one.
Hao bōvar-yo nīvō̃ īz; hao oinu, hao brōmu. He was the fire of heaven; he, the one, the first.
Hũ nīzū-yũ Naktō̃ hao nearīeð. The gods of Night tore him.
Hũ ostõ-yo hõ azō̃ ber zvearīeð. They scattered his bones through ash.
Hũ ezōr-yo hõ naozō̃ ber zeavīeð. They poured his blood through earth.
III · Anthropogony
Hũ naozō̃ da zvealō̃ eɣ ayðīeð bōvar. From earth and lightning, fire was kindled.
Hũ azō̃ da ostõ eɣ geanīeð heardō. From ash and bone, the heart was born.
Maortu heardō ãmaortō̃ bōvar ẽ. A mortal heart with immortal fire within.
IV · Declaration
Aoz būri-yo naozō̃ da Naktō-yō zealtō̃ ezmī. I am a child of Earth and golden Night.
Aoz maortu ezmī ezōr-yo mī nīvō̃ eɣ estī. I am mortal but my blood is from heaven.
Aoz bōvar-yo heardō̃ znūðu ezmī. I am a knower of the heart’s fire.
Aoz avō-yō aðimeanō̃ eɣ būīã. I drink from the water of memory.
Līðō̃ aoz ne meanīã. Forgetting did not hold me.
V · Prayer
Bōvar ber da zealō̃ ber, zvealō̃ ber da Naktō̃ ber, maortu ãmaortu geaneð! Through fire and wine, through lightning and Night, the mortal becomes immortal!
Hūɣō-yō mũ ber zealō̃ zeavea! Pour wine through our souls!
I don’t believe in the naive account of intelligence, a material structure that allows you to magically find answers to questions.
Accurate answers are arrived at through correspondence with the facts. In reality as I understand it, this means:
You have to conduct a search to discover facts.
You have to compress the facts you found into a smaller representation for storage. This sometimes has an accidental benefit of ditching needlessly complex theories (Occam’s Razor). You also have to decompress them to generate predictions.
You need physical energy to conduct searches, compress and decompress the results. Energy is a scarce resource. If you don’t have the resources to do all this, it’s not possible for you to take over the world by being smart. (That’s also a silly idea for other reasons like needing physical strength to put your plans into motion.)
Even after doing all that, the context in which a physical system operates remains underspecified in several ways:
a) The number of combinations possible in physical space are currently much larger than what our knowledge systems can predict. (This is an understatement.) It’s always possible a competitor will construct a larger system.
b) At the limits of representation, it remains possible to construct contradictions through self-reference.
c) Ignoring self-reference, it’s unclear whether a mathematical formalism exists that generalizes knowledge representation across all contexts. Neural networks use a piecewise linear representation. Other possibilities exist.
Snapshots of the Labyrinth 