Descriptions for each part of a year in the City of Red and Blue Gables. Lyöti, the young scribe of Tönolye and Notun na Nyahe, keeps the household book of her aunt Nadhi’s house and writes down what she sees in the market, in the wine shop by the bridge, in the Lane of Dyers and at home, from the snow water in spring to the accounts in winter.

I. Hagewu-de wese, The Snow Water

Lüye le, tülhalmepulya blethat yun, na hagewude wese darethat weseenyiten ra.
At the morning watch, the sluice keeper opened the gates, and the snow water came down into the canals.

Wese nat kile na lathi, na so lüweat ithire sari.
The water was grey and cold, and it smelled of the mountains.

Lyöẅe le, nyavu thiat loyi yonyule le.
By noon, there was mud in every lane.

Povan levöthat vowen ve, na seyan slethat lero nyun le.
Farmers came in from the villages with greens in their baskets.

Tru ulyi pova ẅushathat nolyuẅo le, na sey rizethat nyavu le.
An old farmer slipped on the bridge and sat down in the mud.

Lyanmu le, loyi lira shikothat.
The whole market laughed.

Gelen so, liny eli nenan krethat sey, na seyan süshethat seyde fure.
Then two young women pulled him up and wiped his coat.

Sey lenuthat tru yüẅode fe Vulade pevu le, na sey wenathat nyavu.
He bought a cup of plum wine at Vula’s shop and forgot about the mud.

Yon le, yülipürun nölyüiskt.
In the courtyards, the plum trees began to bloom.

Nadhi yethat nyülyude pöẅun nu le.
Nadhi counted the honey jars in the granary.

Thral ho pöẅu thiat.
There were eighteen.

Fayo le, liny thral pöẅu thithat.
In the autumn, there had been twenty-four.

Nadhi zeythat nay, na nay zeythat nyumin.
Nadhi looked at me, and I looked at the mice.

Preri efo le, züẅan thowuthat ithire ve, na nyülyude pevupulya ne dikrathat röli.
On the fifth day, the bees came back from the mountains, and the honey-seller stopped complaining.

Ẅöru le, pölyin yönethaivt labode enyun weseenyiten le.
In the evening, the children floated paper boats on the canals.

Enyun pirethat rokge ra, na pölyin thowuthat lyaten ra üre nye.
The boats went off to the marsh, and the children went home for their soup.

II. Vula-de pevu, Vula’s Shop

Vulade pevu thiat nolyuẅode vörlu le, Wefatharande yonyule le.
Vula’s shop is by the stone bridge, in the Lane of Dyers.

Sey ödhüusht rikse, zhuro, siton, lyesun na yüẅo.
She sells salt, lamp oil, needles, thread and plum wine.

Yüẅo thiusht röpti pöẅun le.
The wine is kept in big jars.

Tru dhani suvüle thiat pevu le, na povan rizeusht so le gelen lyöẅe.
There is a narrow bench in the shop, and the farmers sit on it in the afternoon.

Tru lyüẅi nareusht pevu le.
A dog lives in the shop.

Sey tuẅüusht pevu ve, na sey wivöusht povande yüẅo.
It runs in and out and spills the farmers’ wine.

Lira ne dikrausht.
Nobody minds.

Nure povan lenuusht lyanmu le, Vula mazhiusht seyande nyun.
While the farmers do their buying, Vula keeps their baskets.

Sey ifousht rulyon seyan nye, na seyan dhaleusht son fayo le.
She lends them money, and they pay it back in the autumn.

Vula faleusht loyi rulbelyatede lyösu.
Vula knows the news of every house.

Tru ralipulya levöthat möge ve, na sey yayethat the dösru flethaun hagewu shi.
A mammoth driver came in from the north and said that the pass had been closed by snow.

Gelen so, sey yayethat the seyde rali örethan tru könponde nyu möto le.
Then he said that his mammoth had eaten a basket of turnips on the way.

Lira ne nyirüthat sey, na sey lenuthat tru fe loyi lira nye.
Nobody believed him, and he bought everyone a cup.

Nire le, Vula nayiusht nami yüẅode telyi fen pölyin nye, na seyan thowuusht lyaten ra.
At dusk, Vula gives the children little cups of sweet wine, and they go home.

Lyüẅi lyedöusht riksede nyun le.
The dog sleeps on the salt baskets.

III. Blöko, The Caravan

Vene nayan zeythat blöko, nayan honuthat tönon.
We heard the bells before we saw the caravan.

A thral nin rali darethat mögede möto le.
Forty mammoths came down the north road.

Lyalydhu thiat seyande fülbu le.
Their wool was full of dust.

Ralipulyan kesathat zomgübon lyanmupulyade yo le.
The drivers unloaded the bales in the market keeper’s yard.

Zomgübon le, vadhede dhüdun, malo na lyamun thithat.
In the bales there were copper pots, resin and woven mats.

Lyanmupulya penithat loyi zomgübo yüho le.
The market keeper weighed every bale on the scales.

Tru fonga pirethat blöko dho; sey danthothat seyde lyamunde dösu.
A Phong had come with the caravan, and she bargained over her own mats.

Lira ne lyezathat sey.
Nobody cheated her.

Pölyin yethat ralin.
The children counted the mammoths.

Tru pölyi yayethat: “A thral nin.”
One child said: “Forty.”

Maẅi pölyi yayethat: “A thral ho.”
Another said: “Forty-two.”

Dhu le, ralipulyan milethat Vulade pevu le, na seyan minathat dösrunde nyüfon.
At night, the drivers drank in Vula’s shop and told stories about the passes.

Ithire le, tru völu thiatn ke yoneushn tru dhu le.
In the Íthir, they said, there is a lake that freezes in a single night.

Vula yayethat the sey honuusht sa nyüfo loyi lyeyo le.
Vula said that she hears that story every year.

Ralin yöpüat·r·zhülyuat yo le, na seyande sare nat owü.
The mammoths rested standing up in the yard, and their breath was white.

IV. Mulyilu, Summer

Mulyilu le, nödhon fleushut lyöẅe ve ẅöru ra.
In summer, the shutters are closed from noon until the evening watch.

Lyüẅin lyedöusht gömiyende ge le.
The dogs sleep in the shade of the walls.

Wuvometharan dörousht dhu le, mena dhu nat lathi lyöẅe ve.
The bakers bake at night, because the night is cooler than the day.

Ralipulyan lyonyuusht löfole Ithire ve, wipun le.
Drivers bring ice down from the Íthir, packed in reeds.

Lyanmu le, öman ödhüusht löfole fen le, zorekalyo dho.
In the market they sell ice in cups, with flower syrup.

Sode dösunet liny rulyo.
It costs two coins.

Nay örethat tru fe muwi, na nayde pulnyen dhüspethat.
I ate a cup of it slowly, and my teeth ached.

Weröro le, eli liran ẅelyousht, na ulyi nenan rizeusht nolyun le, na seyan zeyusht eli liran.
At the waterfall, the young people bathe, and the old women sit on the rocks and watch them.

Wese nat lathi, na loyi lira shofausht.
The water is cold, and everybody yells.

Sokide lyalli ne levöthat wese ra; sey rizethat nayde bavo le.
Soki’s hatchling would not go into the water; she sat on my shoulder.

Ẅöru le, liran sleusht lyamun nyimun ra, na seyan meviusht son le.
In the evening, people carry mats up onto the roofs and lie down on them.

Nyimu ve, nay honuthat pre thürnyun pre yon ve.
From the roof I heard five songs from five courtyards.

Nadhi yayethat the mulyilun nat lathi seyde eli lyeyon le.
Nadhi said that the summers were cooler when she was young.

Loyi ulyi lira yayeusht sa.
Every old person says so.

Dhu le, telyi shulẅo levöthat lüẅo ve, na loyi yonyule ahethat.
In the night, a small wind came from the south, and all the lanes sighed.

V. Wefatharan-de yonyule, The Lane of Dyers

Wefatharande yonyule le, vipen thiat loyi lyatede vörlu le.
In the Lane of Dyers there is a dye vat by the door of every house.

Yeyo wese pireat lyilyen ve weseenyite ra, na weseenyite zheyuat yeyo.
Blue water runs from the doorways into the canal, and the canal turns blue.

Wefatharande rösen na kesnyun mezheyut yeyo.
The dyers’ hands are blue up to the elbows.

Seyan wifousht son, day yeyo ne dhidhuusht.
They wash, but the blue does not come off.

Lüye le, wefatharan wefausht lüblun, na seyan dheẅiusht son rüven le.
In the mornings, the dyers dye the skeins and hang them on poles.

Rüven thiusht yonyule le, na lüblun lilöusht loyi lira le ke pireusht sonde ge le.
The poles reach across the lane, and the skeins drip on anyone who walks underneath.

Lüye le, tru öma levöthat yonyule le; seyde fure nat owü.
One morning, a merchant came along the lane in a white coat.

Ẅöru le, sey thowuthat, na seyde fure nat yeyo.
In the evening, he came back, and his coat was blue.

Sey pirethas lüblunde ge le.
He had walked under the skeins, by the look of it.

Wefatharan shikothat, na tru wefathara ödhüthat yeyo fure sey nye.
The dyers laughed, and one of them sold him a blue coat.

Eya tizeat·r·fopüat vipe.
Eya sings while she stirs the vat.

Sey nat eli, day sey faleat loyi vipede dösu.
She is young, but she knows the price of every dye.

Lyuwe nat tepö yeyo ve, mena lyuwe levöusht üde ve.
Red costs more than blue, because the red comes from the east.

Ulyi wefathara yeat nimude lyesun sito shi.
An old dyer counts the threads of a guest-cloth with a needle.

Tru ali nyönüthat sey, na sey wenathat yete.
A friend greeted her, and she lost count.

Sey yeiskt röli.
She began again.

Nire le, wefatharan wifousht vipen, na weseenyite zheyuusht lyuwe.
At dusk, the dyers wash out the vats, and the canal turns red.

VI. A yeyobuyen, Three Blue Tiles

Fayo le, yülin treushut, na son nyelöushut nyimun le.
In autumn, the plums are picked and laid out to dry on the roofs.

Thral efo le, lyöge lüweusht yülin sari.
For twelve days the City smells of plums.

Sa fayo le, Göga nipethat Nadhide nyimu.
This autumn, Göga mended Nadhi’s roof.

Sey ne mazhithat ẅeshi lyuwebuyen, na sey lalethat a yeyobuyen lyuwebuyen dho.
He did not have enough red tiles, so he put three blue ones in among the red.

Nadhi danthothat; Göga yayethat: “Lira ne rezeyr son yonyule ve.”
Nadhi argued. Göga said: “Nobody will see them from the lane.”

Üno ve, loyi lira zeyusht son.
From the hill, everybody sees them.

Ralin dareusht ithire ve, na ralipulyan rükousht seyan lyanmu le.
The mammoths come down from the mountains, and the drivers comb them in the market.

Fülbu vigausht loyi yonyule le hagewu sari.
The wool blows about every lane like snow.

Nadhi yeat gihun, na nay södheat yete nyahe le.
Nadhi counts the grain, and I write the tally in the household book.

Tru memülmi levöthat möge ve lyösu dho.
A courier came from the north with news.

Vulade pevu le, ulyi liran danthothat so ẅöru ra.
In Vula’s shop the old people argued about it until the evening watch.

Gelen so, seyan thowuthat lyaten ra; seyan ne dhöshathat.
Then they went home. They had not decided anything.

Yülipürunde vaẅun zheyuthat lyuwe, day a yeyobuyen ne zheyuthat.
The leaves of the plum trees turned red, but the three blue tiles did not.

VII. Mayöma na Rüli, Mayöma and Rüli

Gelen rünye, Mayömade rulbelyate na Rülide rulbelyate ledöthat.
After the harvest, Mayöma’s house and Rüli’s house came to an agreement.

Rüli renarer Mayömade lyate le.
Rüli will live in Mayöma’s house.

Mayömade miya blethat kiyo, na sey wifothat nimu.
Mayöma’s grandmother opened the chest and washed the guest-cloth.

Sey vlethat so vene liny thral ho lyeyo.
She had woven it thirty years before.

A efo le, liny rulbelyatende nenan dörothat fümen.
For three days the women of both houses baked cakes.

Rüli levöthat seyde rulöban dho.
Rüli came with his aunts.

Liny eli liran slethat yüẅode röpti pöẅu rüve shi.
Two young people carried a big jar of wine on a pole.

Pöẅu nat nöki, na rüve nokethat.
The jar was heavy, and the pole bent.

Fongali müvethat ẅiwen lyilye le, na sey yayethat: “Ẅiwen nat mömi.”
The Phong priest laid out pebbles in the doorway and said: “The pebbles are pleased.”

Mayömade miya hüruthat; gelen so, sey frömuthat loyi lira, mena loyi lira hüruat.
Mayöma’s grandmother wept. Then she scolded everyone for weeping.

Liran küköiskt kipen, na ulyi nenan lyonyathat muwi.
The drums began, and the old women danced slowly.

Rüli lyonyathat.
Rüli danced.

Seyde lyonyate nat kuhi, na loyi lira yayethat so sey nye.
He danced badly, and everyone told him so.

Mayöma shikothat, na sey lyonyathat sey dho.
Mayöma laughed and danced with him.

Dhu le, miman thowuthat lyaten ra, na yonyule le fümende lyüköken thithat.
At night the guests went home, and there were cake crumbs in the lane.

Lyüẅin örethat son vene lüye.
The dogs ate them before the morning watch.

VIII. Üno, The Hill

Ithode dhu le, rulbelyaten tumeusht üno ra vene lüye.
On the night of the festival, the households climb the hill before the morning watch.

Loyi nena sleusht tru telyi hüve.
Every woman carries a small covered lamp.

Nolyuẅo ve, nay zeythat hüven; son pireat üno le lyuwe lyesu sari.
From the bridge I watched the lamps go up the hill like a red thread.

Ünode blüẅo le, lyasu thiat lyüshu le, na pöẅunde wese meyonet.
At the top there was frost on the grass, and the water in the jars had frozen.

Loyi lirade sare nat owü.
Everyone’s breath was white.

Nadhi yayethat: “Nay ne nat lathi.”
Nadhi said: “I am not cold.”

Rulbelyaten rizethat lyamun le, na seyan satuthat üre fare le.
The households sat on their mats and boiled soup over the fires.

Üde zheyuthat kile; gelen so, so zheyuthat zeshü.
The east turned grey, then yellow.

Salyu lureiskt Ithirede hagewu le; gelen so, so levöthat nayan ra.
The sun lit the snow on the Íthir first, and then it reached us.

Gelen salyu levöthat ünode blüẅo ra, lyasu klüthat nolyun le.
When the sun reached the top of the hill, the frost on the stones crackled.

Fongande lyallin ẅushathat lyüshu le, seyande nyon le.
The Phong hatchlings slid down the grass on their wings.

Lin yayeusht the ithoket vörande itho.
The priests say that the festival belongs to the goddesses.

Pölyin yayeusht the so et ürede itho.
The children say that it is for the soup.

IX. Nyahe, The Household Book

Piyu le, hagewu nümuthat lyuwenyimun, yeyonyimun na Nadhide nyimude a yeyobuyen.
In winter, the snow covered the red roofs and the blue roofs, and the three blue tiles on Nadhi’s roof.

Weseenyitende vörlun meyonet, na bowan pireat löfole le.
The canals froze at the edges, and the ducks walked about on the ice.

Vulade lyüẅi lyedöat ligude vörlu le, na sey ne yöpüat.
Vula’s dog slept beside the brazier and would not get up.

Ẅöru le, rulbelyaten rizeusht bürende vörlun le, na miyan minausht shayödi nyüfon.
In the evenings the households sit round their hearths, and the grandmothers tell old stories.

Vene nyüfon dhidhuusht, pölyin lyedöusht.
The children fall asleep before the stories end.

Soki minausht fongande nyüfon.
Soki tells Phong stories.

Tru vey liny son nar uyi.
One or two of them may even be true.

Blökon ne levöushn; dösrun mefleun.
The caravans do not come; the passes are closed, the couriers say.

Tru dhu le, Nadhi na nay zopithat nyahe.
One night, Nadhi and I added up the household book.

Sa lyeyo le, rulbelyate lenuthat liny öno, liny thral nyülyude pöẅu na er yüẅode pöẅu.
This year the house bought two looms, twenty-four jars of honey and ten jars of plum wine.

Rulbelyate dhalethat Göga nye lyuwebuyende dösu, na so örlyethat a yeyobuyen.
It paid Göga the price of red tiles, and it received three blue ones.

Nadhi södhethat a yeyobuyen nyahe le, na sey flethat so.
Nadhi wrote the three blue tiles in the book, and she closed it.

Dhu le, hagewu dhuleat, na tru lyüẅi zohiat maẅi yonyule le.
In the night, the snow was falling, and a dog was barking in another lane.

Notes on the sentences

Y001 · Lüye le, tülhalmepulya ble-tha=t yun, na hagewu-de wese dare-tha=t weseenyiten ra.
morning LOC sluice.keeper open-PFV=DIR gate-PL and snow-GEN water descend-PFV=DIR canal-PL ALL
At morning watch the sluice keeper opened gates, and snow’s water descended to the canals (direct).

Y002 · Wese na=t kile na lathi, na so lüwe-at=t ithire sari.
water ATTR=DIR grey and cold and 3IN smell-IPFV=DIR mountains SIM
Water is grey and cold, and it smells like the mountains (direct).

Y003 · Lyöẅe le, nyavu thi-at=t loyi yonyule le.
noon LOC mud exist-IPFV=DIR every lane LOC
At noon, mud exists in every lane (direct).

Y004 · Povan levö-tha=t vowen ve, na seyan sle-tha=t lero nyun le.
farmer-PL come-PFV=DIR village-PL ABL and 3AN.PL carry-PFV=DIR greens basket-PL LOC
Farmers came from villages, and they carried greens in baskets (direct).

Y005 · Tru ulyi pova ẅusha-tha=t nolyuẅo le, na sey rize-tha=t nyavu le.
one senior farmer slip-PFV=DIR stone.bridge LOC and 3AN sit-PFV=DIR mud LOC
One old farmer slipped on the stone bridge, and he sat in mud (direct).

Y006 · Lyanmu le, loyi lira shiko-tha=t.
market LOC every person laugh-PFV=DIR
In the market every person laughed suddenly (direct).

Y007 · Gelen so, liny eli nenan kre-tha=t sey, na seyan süshe-tha=t sey-de fure.
after 3IN two young woman-PL lift-PFV=DIR 3AN and 3AN.PL wipe-PFV=DIR 3AN-GEN coat
After that, two young women lifted him, and they wiped his coat clean (direct).

Y008 · Sey lenu-tha=t tru yüẅo-de fe Vula-de pevu le, na sey wena-tha=t nyavu.
3AN buy-PFV=DIR one plum.wine-GEN cup Vula-GEN shop LOC and 3AN forget-PFV=DIR mud
He bought one cup of plum wine at Vula’s shop, and he forgot the mud (direct).

Y009 · Yon le, yülipürun nölyü-isk=t.
courtyard-PL LOC plum.tree-PL bloom-INCEP=DIR
In courtyards plum trees begin to bloom (direct).

Y010 · Nadhi ye-tha=t nyülyu-de pöẅun nu le.
Nadhi count-PFV=DIR honey-GEN jar-PL granary LOC
Nadhi counted honey’s jars in the granary (direct).

Y011 · Thral ho pöẅu thi-at=t.
twelve six jar exist-IPFV=DIR
Twelve-six jars exist (direct).

Y012 · Fayo le, liny thral pöẅu thi-tha=t.
autumn LOC two twelve jar exist-PFV=DIR
In autumn, two-twelve jars existed (direct).

Y013 · Nadhi zey-tha=t nay, na nay zey-tha=t nyumin.
Nadhi see-PFV=DIR 1SG and 1SG see-PFV=DIR mouse-PL
Nadhi looked at me, and I looked at the mice (direct).

Y014 · Pre-ri efo le, züẅan thowu-tha=t ithire ve, na nyülyu-de pevupulya ne dikra-tha=t röli.
five-ORD day LOC bee-PL return-PFV=DIR mountains ABL and honey-GEN shopkeeper NEG protest-PFV=DIR again
On the fifth day bees returned from the mountains, and the honey shopkeeper did not protest again (direct).

Y015 · Ẅöru le, pölyin yöne-tha-iv=t labo-de enyun weseenyiten le.
evening LOC child-PL float-PFV-CAUS=DIR paper-GEN boat-PL canal-PL LOC
At evening watch children made paper’s boats float on the canals (direct).

Y016 · Enyun pire-tha=t rokge ra, na pölyin thowu-tha=t lyaten ra üre nye.
boat-PL travel-PFV=DIR marsh ALL and child-PL return-PFV=DIR house-PL ALL soup DAT
Boats travelled to the marsh, and children returned to houses for soup (direct).

Y017 · Vula-de pevu thi-at=t nolyuẅo-de vörlu le, Wefatharan-de yonyule le.
Vula-GEN shop exist-IPFV=DIR stone.bridge-GEN border LOC dyer-PL-GEN lane LOC
Vula’s shop exists at the stone bridge’s edge, in the dyers’ lane (direct).

Y018 · Sey ödhü-ush=t rikse, zhuro, siton, lyesun na yüẅo.
3AN sell-HAB=DIR salt oil needle-PL thread-PL and plum.wine
She sells salt, lamp oil, needles, threads and plum wine (direct, habitual).

Y019 · Yüẅo thi-ush=t röpti pöẅun le.
plum.wine exist-HAB=DIR great jar-PL LOC
Plum wine exists in great jars (direct, habitual).

Y020 · Tru dhani suvüle thi-at=t pevu le, na povan rize-ush=t so le gelen lyöẅe.
one narrow bench exist-IPFV=DIR shop LOC and farmer-PL sit-HAB=DIR 3IN LOC after noon
One narrow bench exists in the shop, and farmers sit on it after noon (direct).

Y021 · Tru lyüẅi nare-ush=t pevu le.
one dog dwell-HAB=DIR shop LOC
One dog lives in the shop (direct, habitual).

Y022 · Sey tuẅü-ush=t pevu ve, na sey wivö-ush=t povan-de yüẅo.
3AN run-HAB=DIR shop ABL and 3AN spill-HAB=DIR farmer-PL-GEN plum.wine
It runs from the shop, and it spills farmers’ plum wine (direct, habitual).

Y023 · Lira ne dikra-ush=t.
person NEG protest-HAB=DIR
A person does not protest (direct, habitual).

Y024 · Nure povan lenu-ush=t lyanmu le, Vula mazhi-ush=t seyan-de nyun.
while farmer-PL buy-HAB=DIR market LOC Vula keep-HAB=DIR 3AN.PL-GEN basket-PL
While farmers buy in the market, Vula keeps their baskets (direct, habitual).

Y025 · Sey ifo-ush=t rulyon seyan nye, na seyan dhale-ush=t son fayo le.
3AN lend-HAB=DIR coin-PL 3AN.PL DAT and 3AN.PL pay-HAB=DIR 3IN.PL autumn LOC
She lends coins to them, and they pay them in autumn (direct, habitual).

Y026 · Vula fale-ush=t loyi rulbelyate-de lyösu.
Vula know-HAB=DIR every maternal.house-GEN news
Vula knows every maternal house’s news (direct, habitual).

Y027 · Tru ralipulya levö-tha=t möge ve, na sey yaye-tha=t the dösru fle-tha-u=n hagewu shi.
one mammoth.driver come-PFV=DIR north ABL and 3AN say-PFV=DIR COMP pass close-PFV-PASS=REP snow INS
One mammoth driver came from the north, and he said that the pass was closed by snow (direct; reportative).

Y028 · Gelen so, sey yaye-tha=t the sey-de rali öre-tha=n tru könpon-de nyu möto le.
after 3IN 3AN say-PFV=DIR COMP 3AN-GEN mammoth eat-PFV=REP one turnip-PL-GEN basket road LOC
After that, he said that his mammoth ate one basket of turnips on the road (direct; reportative).

Y029 · Lira ne nyirü-tha=t sey, na sey lenu-tha=t tru fe loyi lira nye.
person NEG believe-PFV=DIR 3AN and 3AN buy-PFV=DIR one cup every person DAT
A person did not believe him, and he bought one cup for every person (direct).

Y030 · Nire le, Vula nayi-ush=t nami yüẅo-de telyi fen pölyin nye, na seyan thowu-ush=t lyaten ra.
dusk LOC Vula give-HAB=DIR sweet plum.wine-GEN small cup-PL child-PL DAT and 3AN.PL return-HAB=DIR house-PL ALL
At dusk, Vula gives small cups of sweet plum wine to children, and they return to houses (direct, habitual).

Y031 · Lyüẅi lyedö-ush=t rikse-de nyun le.
dog sleep-HAB=DIR salt-GEN basket-PL LOC
The dog sleeps in salt’s baskets (direct, habitual).

Y032 · Vene nayan zey-tha=t blöko, nayan honu-tha=t tönon.
before 1PL see-PFV=DIR caravan 1PL hear-PFV=DIR bell-PL
Before we saw the caravan, we heard bells (direct).

Y033 · A thral nin rali dare-tha=t möge-de möto le.
three twelve four mammoth descend-PFV=DIR north-GEN road LOC
Three-twelve-four mammoths descended on the north’s road (direct).

Y034 · Lyalydhu thi-at=t seyan-de fülbu le.
dust exist-IPFV=DIR 3AN.PL-GEN wool LOC
Dust exists in their wool (direct).

Y035 · Ralipulyan kesa-tha=t zomgübon lyanmupulya-de yo le.
mammoth.driver-PL unload-PFV=DIR bale-PL market.keeper-GEN courtyard LOC
Mammoth drivers unloaded bales in the market keeper’s courtyard (direct).

Y036 · Zomgübon le, vadhe-de dhüdun, malo na lyamun thi-tha=t.
bale-PL LOC copper-GEN pot-PL resin and mat-PL exist-PFV=DIR
In the bales copper pots, resin and mats existed (direct).

Y037 · Lyanmupulya peni-tha=t loyi zomgübo yüho le.
market.keeper weigh-PFV=DIR every bale scales LOC
The market keeper weighed every bale on the balance (direct).

Y038 · Tru fonga pire-tha=t blöko dho; sey dantho-tha=t sey-de lyamun-de dösu.
one Phong travel-PFV=DIR caravan COM 3AN dispute-PFV=DIR 3AN-GEN mat-PL-GEN price
One Phong travelled with the caravan; she disputed the price of her mats (direct).

Y039 · Lira ne lyeza-tha=t sey.
person NEG deceive-PFV=DIR 3AN
A person did not cheat her (direct).

Y040 · Pölyin ye-tha=t ralin.
child-PL count-PFV=DIR mammoth-PL
Children counted mammoths (direct).

Y041 · Tru pölyi yaye-tha=t: “A thral nin.”
one child say-PFV=DIR three twelve four
One child said: “Three-twelve-four” (direct).

Y042 · Maẅi pölyi yaye-tha=t: “A thral ho.”
other child say-PFV=DIR three twelve six
Another child said: “Three-twelve-six” (direct).

Y043 · Dhu le, ralipulyan mile-tha=t Vula-de pevu le, na seyan mina-tha=t dösrun-de nyüfon.
night LOC mammoth.driver-PL drink-PFV=DIR Vula-GEN shop LOC and 3AN.PL tell-PFV=DIR pass-PL-GEN story-PL
At night, mammoth drivers drank in Vula’s shop, and they told stories of the passes (direct).

Y044 · Ithire le, tru völu thi-at=n ke yone-ush=n tru dhu le.
mountains LOC one lake exist-IPFV=REP REL freeze-HAB=REP one night LOC
In the Íthir one lake exists, reportedly, which freezes in one night (reportative).

Y045 · Vula yaye-tha=t the sey honu-ush=t sa nyüfo loyi lyeyo le.
Vula say-PFV=DIR COMP 3AN hear-HAB=DIR this story every year LOC
Vula said that she hears this story in every year (direct).

Y046 · Ralin yöpü-at=t=r=zhülyu-at=t yo le, na seyan-de sare na=t owü.
mammoth-PL stand-IPFV=DIR=SS.SIM=rest-IPFV=DIR courtyard LOC and 3AN.PL-GEN breath ATTR=DIR white
Mammoths stand and at the same time rest in the courtyard, and their breath is white (direct).

Y047 · Mulyilu le, nödhon fle-ush-u=t lyöẅe ve ẅöru ra.
summer LOC shutter-PL close-HAB-PASS=DIR noon ABL evening ALL
In summer shutters are closed from noon to evening watch (direct, habitual).

Y048 · Lyüẅin lyedö-ush=t gömiyen-de ge le.
dog-PL sleep-HAB=DIR wall-PL-GEN shadow LOC
Dogs sleep in the walls’ shadow (direct, habitual).

Y049 · Wuvometharan döro-ush=t dhu le, mena dhu na=t lathi lyöẅe ve.
baker-PL bake-HAB=DIR night LOC because night ATTR=DIR cold noon ABL
Bakers bake at night, because night is cold from noon (direct, habitual).

Y050 · Ralipulyan lyonyu-ush=t löfole Ithire ve, wipun le.
mammoth.driver-PL bring-HAB=DIR ice mountains ABL reed-PL LOC
Mammoth drivers bring ice from the Íthir, in reeds (direct, habitual).

Y051 · Lyanmu le, öman ödhü-ush=t löfole fen le, zorekalyo dho.
market LOC merchant-PL sell-HAB=DIR ice cup-PL LOC flower.syrup COM
In the market traders sell ice in cups, with flower syrup (direct, habitual).

Y052 · So-de dösu-n-e=t liny rulyo.
3IN-GEN price-LINK-COP=DIR two coin
Its price is two coins (direct).

Y053 · Nay öre-tha=t tru fe muwi, na nay-de pulnyen dhüspe-tha=t.
1SG eat-PFV=DIR one cup slow and 1SG-GEN tooth-PL ache-PFV=DIR
I ate one cup slowly, and my teeth ached with cold (direct).

Y054 · Weröro le, eli liran ẅelyo-ush=t, na ulyi nenan rize-ush=t nolyun le, na seyan zey-ush=t eli liran.
waterfall LOC young person-PL bathe-HAB=DIR and senior woman-PL sit-HAB=DIR stone-PL LOC and 3AN.PL see-HAB=DIR young person-PL
At the waterfall young people bathe, and old women sit on stones, and they watch young people (direct, habitual).

Y055 · Wese na=t lathi, na loyi lira shofa-ush=t.
water ATTR=DIR cold and every person yell-HAB=DIR
Water is cold, and every person yells (direct).

Y056 · Soki-de lyalli ne levö-tha=t wese ra; sey rize-tha=t nay-de bavo le.
Soki-GEN hatchling NEG come-PFV=DIR water ALL 3AN sit-PFV=DIR 1SG-GEN shoulder LOC
Soki’s hatchling did not come to the water; she sat on my shoulder (direct).

Y057 · Ẅöru le, liran sle-ush=t lyamun nyimun ra, na seyan mevi-ush=t son le.
evening LOC person-PL carry-HAB=DIR mat-PL roof-PL ALL and 3AN.PL lie.down-HAB=DIR 3IN.PL LOC
At evening watch people carry mats to the roofs, and they lie on them (direct, habitual).

Y058 · Nyimu ve, nay honu-tha=t pre thürnyun pre yon ve.
roof ABL 1SG hear-PFV=DIR five song-PL five courtyard-PL ABL
From the roof I heard five songs from five courtyards (direct).

Y059 · Nadhi yaye-tha=t the mulyilun na=t lathi sey-de eli lyeyon le.
Nadhi say-PFV=DIR COMP summer-PL ATTR=DIR cold 3AN-GEN young year-PL LOC
Nadhi said that summers were cold in her young years (direct).

Y060 · Loyi ulyi lira yaye-ush=t sa.
every senior person say-HAB=DIR this
Every old person says this (direct, habitual).

Y061 · Dhu le, telyi shulẅo levö-tha=t lüẅo ve, na loyi yonyule ahe-tha=t.
night LOC small wind come-PFV=DIR south ABL and every lane sigh-PFV=DIR
At night, a small wind came from the south, and every lane sighed (direct).

Y062 · Wefatharan-de yonyule le, vipen thi-at=t loyi lyate-de vörlu le.
dyer-PL-GEN lane LOC dye.vat-PL exist-IPFV=DIR every house-GEN border LOC
In the dyers’ lane dye vats exist at every house’s edge (direct).

Y063 · Yeyo wese pire-at=t lyilyen ve weseenyite ra, na weseenyite zheyu-at=t yeyo.
blue water travel-IPFV=DIR doorway-PL ABL canal ALL and canal become-IPFV=DIR blue
Blue water travels from doorways to the canal, and the canal becomes blue (direct).

Y064 · Wefatharan-de rösen na kesnyun me=zheyu=t yeyo.
dyer-PL-GEN palm-PL and elbow-PL RES=become=DIR blue
Dyers’ palms and elbows have become blue (direct, resultative).

Y065 · Seyan wifo-ush=t son, day yeyo ne dhidhu-ush=t.
3AN.PL wash-HAB=DIR 3IN.PL but blue NEG stop-HAB=DIR
They wash them, but blueness does not end (direct, habitual).

Y066 · Lüye le, wefatharan wefa-ush=t lüblun, na seyan dheẅi-ush=t son rüven le.
morning LOC dyer-PL dye-HAB=DIR skein-PL and 3AN.PL hang-HAB=DIR 3IN.PL pole-PL LOC
At morning, watch dyers dye skeins, and they hang them on poles (direct, habitual).

Y067 · Rüven thi-ush=t yonyule le, na lüblun lilö-ush=t loyi lira le ke pire-ush=t son-de ge le.
pole-PL exist-HAB=DIR lane LOC and skein-PL drip-HAB=DIR every person LOC REL travel-HAB=DIR 3IN.PL-GEN shadow LOC
Poles exist in the lane, and skeins drip on every person who walks in their shadow (direct, habitual).

Y068 · Lüye le, tru öma levö-tha=t yonyule le; sey-de fure na=t owü.
morning LOC one merchant come-PFV=DIR lane LOC 3AN-GEN coat ATTR=DIR white
At morning, watch one merchant came into the lane; his coat was white (direct).

Y069 · Ẅöru le, sey thowu-tha=t, na sey-de fure na=t yeyo.
evening LOC 3AN return-PFV=DIR and 3AN-GEN coat ATTR=DIR blue
At evening watch he returned, and his coat was blue (direct).

Y070 · Sey pire-tha=s lüblun-de ge le.
3AN travel-PFV=INFER skein-PL-GEN shadow LOC
He walked in the skeins’ shadow, evidently (inferential).

Y071 · Wefatharan shiko-tha=t, na tru wefathara ödhü-tha=t yeyo fure sey nye.
dyer-PL laugh-PFV=DIR and one dyer sell-PFV=DIR blue coat 3AN DAT
Dyers laughed, and one dyer sold a blue coat to him (direct).

Y072 · Eya tize-at=r=fopü-at=t vipe.
Eya sing-IPFV=SS.SIM=stir-IPFV=DIR dye.vat
Eya sings while stirring the dye vat (direct).

Y073 · Sey na=t eli, day sey fale-at=t loyi vipe-de dösu.
3AN ATTR=DIR young but 3AN know-IPFV=DIR every dye.vat-GEN price
She is young, but she knows every dye’s price (direct).

Y074 · Lyuwe na=t tepö yeyo ve, mena lyuwe levö-ush=t üde ve.
red ATTR=DIR dear blue ABL because red come-HAB=DIR east ABL
Red is dear from blue, because red comes from the east (direct).

Y075 · Ulyi wefathara ye-at=t nimu-de lyesun sito shi.
senior dyer count-IPFV=DIR guest.cloth-GEN thread-PL needle INS
Senior dyer counts a guest-cloth’s threads with a needle (direct).

Y076 · Tru ali nyönü-tha=t sey, na sey wena-tha=t yete.
one friend greet-PFV=DIR 3AN and 3AN forget-PFV=DIR tally
One friend greeted her, and she forgot the counting (direct).

Y077 · Sey ye-isk=t röli.
3AN count-INCEP=DIR again
She begins to count again (direct).

Y078 · Nire le, wefatharan wifo-ush=t vipen, na weseenyite zheyu-ush=t lyuwe.
dusk LOC dyer-PL wash-HAB=DIR dye.vat-PL and canal become-HAB=DIR red
At dusk, dyers wash dye vats, and the canal becomes red (direct, habitual).

Y079 · Fayo le, yülin tre-ush-u=t, na son nyelö-ush-u=t nyimun le.
autumn LOC plum-PL gather-HAB-PASS=DIR and 3IN.PL dry-HAB-PASS=DIR roof-PL LOC
In autumn, plums are gathered, and they are dried on roofs (direct, habitual).

Y080 · Thral efo le, lyöge lüwe-ush=t yülin sari.
twelve day LOC city smell-HAB=DIR plum-PL SIM
In twelve days the city smells like plums (direct, habitual).

Y081 · Sa fayo le, Göga nipe-tha=t Nadhi-de nyimu.
this autumn LOC Göga mend-PFV=DIR Nadhi-GEN roof
This autumn, Göga mended Nadhi’s roof (direct).

Y082 · Sey ne mazhi-tha=t ẅeshi lyuwebuyen, na sey lale-tha=t a yeyobuyen lyuwebuyen dho.
3AN NEG keep-PFV=DIR many red.tile-PL and 3AN set.down-PFV=DIR three blue.tile-PL red.tile-PL COM
He did not hold many red tiles, and he set three blue tiles with the red tiles (direct).

Y083 · Nadhi dantho-tha=t; Göga yaye-tha=t: “Lira ne re=zey=r son yonyule ve.”
Nadhi dispute-PFV=DIR Göga say-PFV=DIR person NEG PROSP=see=ASSUM 3IN.PL lane ABL
Nadhi disputed; Göga said: “A person will not see them from the lane” (direct; assumptive).

Y084 · Üno ve, loyi lira zey-ush=t son.
hill ABL every person see-HAB=DIR 3IN.PL
From the hill every person sees them (direct, habitual).

Y085 · Ralin dare-ush=t ithire ve, na ralipulyan rüko-ush=t seyan lyanmu le.
mammoth-PL descend-HAB=DIR mountains ABL and mammoth.driver-PL comb-HAB=DIR 3AN.PL market LOC
Mammoths descend from the mountains, and mammoth drivers comb them in the market (direct, habitual).

Y086 · Fülbu viga-ush=t loyi yonyule le hagewu sari.
wool fly-HAB=DIR every lane LOC snow SIM
Wool flies in every lane like snow (direct, habitual).

Y087 · Nadhi ye-at=t gihun, na nay södhe-at=t yete nyahe le.
Nadhi count-IPFV=DIR grain-PL and 1SG record-IPFV=DIR tally account.book LOC
Nadhi counts grains, and I record the counting in the household book (direct).

Y088 · Tru memülmi levö-tha=t möge ve lyösu dho.
one courier come-PFV=DIR north ABL news COM
One courier came from the north with news (direct).

Y089 · Vula-de pevu le, ulyi liran dantho-tha=t so ẅöru ra.
Vula-GEN shop LOC senior person-PL dispute-PFV=DIR 3IN evening ALL
In Vula’s shop old people disputed it toward evening watch (direct).

Y090 · Gelen so, seyan thowu-tha=t lyaten ra; seyan ne dhösha-tha=t.
after 3IN 3AN.PL return-PFV=DIR house-PL ALL 3AN.PL NEG decide-PFV=DIR
After that, they returned to houses; they did not decide (direct).

Y091 · Yülipürun-de vaẅun zheyu-tha=t lyuwe, day a yeyobuyen ne zheyu-tha=t.
plum.tree-PL-GEN leaf-PL become-PFV=DIR red but three blue.tile-PL NEG become-PFV=DIR
Plum trees’ leaves became red, but the three blue tiles did not become (direct).

Y092 · Gelen rünye, Mayöma-de rulbelyate na Rüli-de rulbelyate ledö-tha=t.
after harvest Mayöma-GEN maternal.house and Rüli-GEN maternal.house consent-PFV=DIR
After harvest, Mayöma’s maternal house and Rüli’s maternal house agreed (direct).

Y093 · Rüli re=nare=r Mayöma-de lyate le.
Rüli PROSP=dwell=ASSUM Mayöma-GEN house LOC
Rüli is to live in Mayöma’s house (assumptive).

Y094 · Mayöma-de miya ble-tha=t kiyo, na sey wifo-tha=t nimu.
Mayöma-GEN grandmother open-PFV=DIR chest and 3AN wash-PFV=DIR guest.cloth
Mayöma’s grandmother opened the chest, and she washed the guest-cloth (direct).

Y095 · Sey vle-tha=t so vene liny thral ho lyeyo.
3AN weave-PFV=DIR 3IN before two twelve six year
She wove it before two-twelve-six years (direct).

Y096 · A efo le, liny rulbelyaten-de nenan döro-tha=t fümen.
three day LOC two maternal.house-PL-GEN woman-PL bake-PFV=DIR cake-PL
In three days the two maternal houses’ women baked cakes (direct).

Y097 · Rüli levö-tha=t sey-de rulöban dho.
Rüli come-PFV=DIR 3AN-GEN aunt-PL COM
Rüli came with his maternal aunts (direct).

Y098 · Liny eli liran sle-tha=t yüẅo-de röpti pöẅu rüve shi.
two young person-PL carry-PFV=DIR plum.wine-GEN great jar pole INS
Two young people carried a great jar of plum wine by means of a pole (direct).

Y099 · Pöẅu na=t nöki, na rüve noke-tha=t.
jar ATTR=DIR heavy and pole bend-PFV=DIR
The jar is heavy, and the pole bent (direct).

Y100 · Fongali müve-tha=t ẅiwen lyilye le, na sey yaye-tha=t: “Ẅiwen na=t mömi.”
Phong.priest lay.out-PFV=DIR pebble-PL doorway LOC and 3AN say-PFV=DIR pebble-PL ATTR=DIR glad
The Phong priest arranged pebbles at the doorway, and she said: “Pebbles are glad” (direct).

Y101 · Mayöma-de miya hüru-tha=t; gelen so, sey frömu-tha=t loyi lira, mena loyi lira hüru-at=t.
Mayöma-GEN grandmother weep-PFV=DIR after 3IN 3AN scold-PFV=DIR every person because every person weep-IPFV=DIR
Mayöma’s grandmother wept; after that, she scolded every person, because every person was weeping (direct).

Y102 · Liran kükö-isk=t kipen, na ulyi nenan lyonya-tha=t muwi.
person-PL knock-INCEP=DIR drum-PL and senior woman-PL dance-PFV=DIR slow
People began to strike drums, and old women danced slowly (direct).

Y103 · Rüli lyonya-tha=t.
Rüli dance-PFV=DIR
Rüli danced (direct).

Y104 · Sey-de lyonyate na=t kuhi, na loyi lira yaye-tha=t so sey nye.
3AN-GEN dance ATTR=DIR bad and every person say-PFV=DIR 3IN 3AN DAT
His dancing was bad, and every person said it to him (direct).

Y105 · Mayöma shiko-tha=t, na sey lyonya-tha=t sey dho.
Mayöma laugh-PFV=DIR and 3AN dance-PFV=DIR 3AN COM
Mayöma laughed, and she danced with him (direct).

Y106 · Dhu le, miman thowu-tha=t lyaten ra, na yonyule le fümen-de lyüköken thi-tha=t.
night LOC guest-PL return-PFV=DIR house-PL ALL and lane LOC cake-PL-GEN crumb-PL exist-PFV=DIR
At night, guests returned to houses, and in the lane cakes’ crumbs existed (direct).

Y107 · Lyüẅin öre-tha=t son vene lüye.
dog-PL eat-PFV=DIR 3IN.PL before morning
Dogs ate them before morning watch (direct).

Y108 · Itho-de dhu le, rulbelyaten tume-ush=t üno ra vene lüye.
festival-GEN night LOC maternal.house-PL climb-HAB=DIR hill ALL before morning
On the festival’s night, maternal houses climb to the hill before morning watch (direct, habitual).

Y109 · Loyi nena sle-ush=t tru telyi hüve.
every woman carry-HAB=DIR one small lamp
Every woman carries one small covered lamp (direct, habitual).

Y110 · Nolyuẅo ve, nay zey-tha=t hüven; son pire-at=t üno le lyuwe lyesu sari.
stone.bridge ABL 1SG see-PFV=DIR lamp-PL 3IN.PL travel-IPFV=DIR hill LOC red thread SIM
From the stone bridge I saw lamps; they move on the hill like a red thread (direct).

Y111 · Üno-de blüẅo le, lyasu thi-at=t lyüshu le, na pöẅun-de wese me=yone=t.
hill-GEN height LOC frost exist-IPFV=DIR grass LOC and jar-PL-GEN water RES=freeze=DIR
At the hill’s height frost exists on the grass, and the jars’ water has frozen (direct).

Y112 · Loyi lira-de sare na=t owü.
every person-GEN breath ATTR=DIR white
Every person’s breath is white (direct).

Y113 · Nadhi yaye-tha=t: “Nay ne na=t lathi.”
Nadhi say-PFV=DIR 1SG NEG ATTR=DIR cold
Nadhi said: “I am not cold” (direct).

Y114 · Rulbelyaten rize-tha=t lyamun le, na seyan satu-tha=t üre fare le.
maternal.house-PL sit-PFV=DIR mat-PL LOC and 3AN.PL boil-PFV=DIR soup fire LOC
Maternal houses sat on mats, and they boiled soup on fire (direct).

Y115 · Üde zheyu-tha=t kile; gelen so, so zheyu-tha=t zeshü.
east become-PFV=DIR grey after 3IN 3IN become-PFV=DIR yellow
The east became grey; after that, it became yellow (direct).

Y116 · Salyu lure-isk=t Ithire-de hagewu le; gelen so, so levö-tha=t nayan ra.
sun shine-INCEP=DIR mountains-GEN snow LOC after 3IN 3IN come-PFV=DIR 1PL ALL
The sun began to shine on the Íthir’s snow; after that, it came to us (direct).

Y117 · Gelen salyu levö-tha=t üno-de blüẅo ra, lyasu klü-tha=t nolyun le.
after sun come-PFV=DIR hill-GEN height ALL frost crackle-PFV=DIR stone-PL LOC
After the sun came to the hill’s height, frost crackled on stones (direct).

Y118 · Fongan-de lyallin ẅusha-tha=t lyüshu le, seyan-de nyon le.
Phong-PL-GEN hatchling-PL slip-PFV=DIR grass LOC 3AN.PL-GEN wing-PL LOC
Phong’s hatchlings slid on the grass, on their wings (direct).

Y119 · Lin yaye-ush=t the itho-k-e=t vöran-de itho.
priest-PL say-HAB=DIR COMP festival-LINK-COP=DIR goddess-PL-GEN festival
Priests say that the festival is the goddesses’ festival (direct, habitual).

Y120 · Pölyin yaye-ush=t the so e=t üre-de itho.
child-PL say-HAB=DIR COMP 3IN EQU=DIR soup-GEN festival
Children say that it is the soup’s festival (direct, habitual).

Y121 · Piyu le, hagewu nümu-tha=t lyuwenyimun, yeyonyimun na Nadhi-de nyimu-de a yeyobuyen.
winter LOC snow cover-PFV=DIR red.roof-PL blue.roof-PL and Nadhi-GEN roof-GEN three blue.tile-PL
In winter snow covered red roofs, blue roofs and Nadhi’s roof’s three blue tiles (direct).

Y122 · Weseenyiten-de vörlun me=yone=t, na bowan pire-at=t löfole le.
canal-PL-GEN border-PL RES=freeze=DIR and duck-PL travel-IPFV=DIR ice LOC
The canals’ edges have frozen, and ducks walk on ice (direct).

Y123 · Vula-de lyüẅi lyedö-at=t ligu-de vörlu le, na sey ne yöpü-at=t.
Vula-GEN dog sleep-IPFV=DIR brazier-GEN border LOC and 3AN NEG stand-IPFV=DIR
Vula’s dog sleeps at the brazier’s edge, and it does not stand (direct).

Y124 · Ẅöru le, rulbelyaten rize-ush=t büren-de vörlun le, na miyan mina-ush=t shayödi nyüfon.
evening LOC maternal.house-PL sit-HAB=DIR hearth-PL-GEN border-PL LOC and grandmother-PL tell-HAB=DIR ancient story-PL
At evening watch households sit at the hearths’ edges, and grandmothers tell ancient stories (direct, habitual).

Y125 · Vene nyüfon dhidhu-ush=t, pölyin lyedö-ush=t.
before story-PL stop-HAB=DIR child-PL sleep-HAB=DIR
Before stories end, children sleep (direct, habitual).

Y126 · Soki mina-ush=t fongan-de nyüfon.
Soki tell-HAB=DIR Phong-PL-GEN story-PL
Soki tells the Phong’s stories (direct, habitual).

Y127 · Tru vey liny son na=r uyi.
one or two 3IN.PL ATTR=ASSUM true
One or two of them are true, presumably (assumptive).

Y128 · Blökon ne levö-ush=n; dösrun me=fle-u=n.
caravan-PL NEG come-HAB=REP pass-PL RES=close-PASS=REP
Caravans do not come, reportedly; passes have been closed, reportedly (reportative).

Y129 · Tru dhu le, Nadhi na nay zopi-tha=t nyahe.
one night LOC Nadhi and 1SG add.up-PFV=DIR account.book
One night, Nadhi and I added up the household book (direct).

Y130 · Sa lyeyo le, rulbelyate lenu-tha=t liny öno, liny thral nyülyu-de pöẅu na er yüẅo-de pöẅu.
this year LOC maternal.house buy-PFV=DIR two loom two twelve honey-GEN jar and ten plum.wine-GEN jar
In this year the maternal house bought two looms, two-twelve honey jars and ten plum-wine jars (direct).

Y131 · Rulbelyate dhale-tha=t Göga nye lyuwebuyen-de dösu, na so örlye-tha=t a yeyobuyen.
maternal.house pay-PFV=DIR Göga DAT red.tile-PL-GEN price and 3IN receive-PFV=DIR three blue.tile-PL
The maternal house paid to Göga the price of red tiles, and it received three blue tiles (direct).

Y132 · Nadhi södhe-tha=t a yeyobuyen nyahe le, na sey fle-tha=t so.
Nadhi record-PFV=DIR three blue.tile-PL account.book LOC and 3AN close-PFV=DIR 3IN
Nadhi recorded the three blue tiles in the household book, and she closed it (direct).

Y133 · Dhu le, hagewu dhule-at=t, na tru lyüẅi zohi-at=t maẅi yonyule le.
night LOC snow fall-IPFV=DIR and one dog bark-IPFV=DIR other lane LOC
At night, snow falls, and one dog barks in another lane (direct).

Lexicon: https://snapshotsofthelabyrinth.photo.blog/2026/11/09/classical-khelai-lexicon/

This text is based on Yo na lyafüru, a learning grammar of Classical Khélai (English name: High Florestican), the classical language of Némorath. Most of its examples are about everyday life in the City of Red and Blue Gables and the country around it: the market, the canals, the households of the clans, the Phong, and the weather through the year.

1. The language and its world

1.1 Where Khélai was spoken

High Florestican, also called Classical Khélai, is the classical language of the Six Clans of Némorath and of their empire, Khélythëa. In the capital, the City of Red and Blue Gables, it was the language of the clan councils and the sanctuaries and of the songs sung in the evening. Caravans from the Íthir Mountains, couriers from the north and merchants from the eastern coast learned enough of it for bargaining.

(1) Dödhewusorende üno ve, lira zeyusht ẅeshi lyuwenotun na yeyobuyen; son dareusht yon ra, zorepürunde ge le.
Dödhewusoren-de üno ve, lira zey-ush=t ẅeshi lyuwenotun na yeyobuyen; son dare-ush=t yon ra, zorepürun-de ge le.
council.sanctuary-PL-GEN hill ABL person see-HAB=DIR many red.gable-PL and blue.tile-PL 3IN.PL descend-HAB=DIR courtyard-PL ALL blossom.tree-PL-GEN shadow LOC
‘From the hill of the council sanctuaries you can see many red gables and blue tiles; they come down to the courtyards, in the shade of the flowering trees.’

(2) Lyöẅe le, wese nat avi, na pölyin zengausht weseenyiten; day slethara ke sleatt a nyu pireusht nolyuẅo le.
Lyöẅe le, wese na=t avi, na pölyin zenga-ush=t weseenyiten; day slethara ke sle-at=t a nyu pire-ush=t nolyuẅo le.
noon LOC water ATTR=DIR shallow and child-PL jump-HAB=DIR canal-PL but porter REL carry-IPFV=DIR three basket travel-HAB=DIR bridge LOC
‘At noon, the water is shallow, and children jump the canals; but a porter carrying three baskets goes over the bridge.’

Three peoples are around in the country. The Hyperboreans (kelyan) live in the towns and the fields, and the clans are theirs. The Phong have wings, fur and long beaks; they travel with the clans, serve in the sanctuaries, and speak telepathically. The Numi live in the ocean. Few people in the City have ever seen one.

(3) Fongade fure nat vösi; fongade nöru nat rori.
Fonga-de fure na=t vösi; fonga-de nöru na=t rori.
Phong-GEN fur ATTR=DIR beautiful Phong-GEN beak ATTR=DIR long
‘A Phong’s fur is delicate; a Phong’s beak is long.’

(4) Numiyade miri falete thiats.
Numiya-de miri falete thi-at=s.
Numi-GEN little knowledge exist-IPFV=INFER
‘Of the Numi, evidently, little is known.’

1.2 How the examples are set out

Each example is given three times. The first line, in italics, is the sentence as a Khélai scribe would write it. Below it the sentence is cut into its parts, with a gloss under each word: lure-at=t “shine-IPFV=DIR” is the verb lure “shine” with the imperfective suffix and the clitic of direct evidence. Then comes an English translation, which follows the Khélai closely.

(5) Lüye le, wuvometharan dörousht wu, na yonyule lüweusht shethi wu sari.
Lüye le, wuvometharan döro-ush=t wu, na yonyule lüwe-ush=t shethi wu sari.
morning LOC baker-PL bake-HAB=DIR bread and lane smell-HAB=DIR warm bread SIM
‘At the morning watch, the bakers bake bread, and the lane smells of warm bread.’

The abbreviations used in the glosses are listed at the end of the page. Also consult the lexicon: https://snapshotsofthelabyrinth.photo.blog/2026/11/09/classical-khelai-lexicon/

2. Sounds and spelling

2.1 Consonants

Khélai has twenty-four consonants. Six of them are written with two letters: th and dh are the sounds at the start of English thin and this, sh and zh those in ship and measure, ny and ly are palatal, made with the middle of the tongue against the roof of the mouth. y is the glide of English yes, and ẅ is a glide made with rounded lips and the tongue forward, as in French huit.

Kind	Sounds	Romanization
Stops	/p t k b d g/	p t k b d g
Voiceless fricatives	/f θ s ʃ h/	f th s sh h
Voiced fricatives	/v ð z ʒ/	v dh z zh
Nasals	/m n ɲ/	m n ny
Liquids	/l ʎ r/	l ly r
Glides	/w j ɥ/	w y ẅ

thore “footprint” · dhu “night” · shulẅo “wind” · zhore “sword” · nyenyo “spring, well” · lyuwe “red” · yeyo “blue” · ẅöru “evening watch”

Several of them come together in this sentence:

(6) Ẅöru le, shulẅo shöẅüatt yeyobuyen le.
Ẅöru le, shulẅo shöẅü-at=t yeyobuyen le.
evening LOC wind blow-IPFV=DIR blue.tile-PL LOC
‘In the evening watch, the wind blows over the blue tiles.’

2.2 Vowels

There are seven vowels: i e a o u, and the two front rounded vowels ü (as in German über) and ö (as in German schön). There are no diphthongs. The rounded front vowels are common: lüye “morning watch”, lure “shine”, nöre “fade”, wüne “bead of dew”.

Written	Sound	Description
i	/i/	close front
ü	/y/	close front rounded
u	/u/	close back rounded
e	/e/	mid front
ö	/ø/	mid front rounded
o	/o/	mid back rounded
a	/a/	open

(7) Zoren lureat·r·nöreatt wese le.
Zoren lure-at=r=nöre-at=t wese le.
flower-PL shine-IPFV=SS.SIM=fade-IPFV=DIR water LOC
‘Flowers shine in the water even while they fade.’

2.3 Two spellings

The examples are written in two ways. The reading form is ordinary Khélai spelling: suffixes are written onto their words and there are no equals signs. The analysis cuts each word at its boundaries, with a hyphen before a suffix and an equals sign before a clitic. The reading form has ẅelyoatt where the analysis has ẅelyo-at=t. Only one t is heard at the end of -at=t, and the poems often write only one: ẅelyoat.

(8) Pölyin ẅelyoatt weseenyite le, na seyande rulöba frömuatt seyan se ve.
Pölyin ẅelyo-at=t weseenyite le, na seyan-de rulöba frömu-at=t seyan se ve.
child-PL bathe-IPFV=DIR canal LOC and 3AN.PL-GEN aunt scold-IPFV=DIR 3AN.PL bank ABL
‘The children are bathing in the canal, and their aunt is scolding them from the bank.’

2.4 Syllables and stress

A syllable is (C)(C)V(C). The commonest clusters at the start of a syllable are a stop or a fricative with r or l: pr, tr, kr, pl, kl, bl, fl, fr, thr, sl, sr, shr, vr, vl. At the end of a syllable the usual consonants are nasals and liquids. Stress falls on the next-to-last mora and is not written: lyanmu “market” is said LYAN-mu, nölyuẅo “stone bridge” nö-LYU-ẅo.

(9) Blöko pireatt thral rali dho.
Blöko pire-at=t thral rali dho.
caravan travel-IPFV=DIR twelve mammoth COM
‘The caravan is travelling with twelve mammoths.’

2.5 Glides between vowels; nasals before consonants

Where a suffix beginning with a vowel follows a vowel, a short glide is heard between them, though it is not written: lure-at=t is said [luˈre.jat], ranü-at=t [raˈny.ɥat]. After i and e the glide is [j], after u and o it is [w], after ü and ö it is [ɥ]; after a it matches the next vowel. Before p, b, m the nasal n is said [m], before k, g it is said [ŋ], and before y it is said [ɲ].

(10) Lüye le, wese lureatt Lyuwenotu–Yeyonotu le.
Lüye le, wese lure-at=t Lyuwenotu-yeyonotu le.
morning LOC water shine-IPFV=DIR City.of.Gables LOC
‘At the morning watch, the water shines in the City of Red and Blue Gables.’

2.6 Soft words and hard words

Poets prefer words for light, water and care that are mostly made of liquids, glides and open vowels, while words for breaking and knocking that have more stops and clusters. The first two examples below are of the first kind, the last two of the second:

(11) Wüne gönyüthat welüẅe lyesu le.
Wüne gönyü-tha=t welüẅe lyesu le.
dew.bead catch.light-PFV=DIR last.light thread LOC
‘A bead of dew catches the last of the light on a thread.’

(12) Lyewa ranüatt lyödo.
Lyewa ranü-at=t lyödo.
moth brush-IPFV=DIR lantern
‘A moth is brushing the paper lantern.’

(13) Lyöti honuthat tinshebo.
Lyöti honu-tha=t tinshebo.
Lyöti hear-PFV=DIR crack
‘Lyöti hears a sharp crack.’

(14) Pevupulya küköatt lyinye nolyu le.
Pevupulya kükö-at=t lyinye nolyu le.
shopkeeper knock-IPFV=DIR weight stone LOC
‘The shopkeeper knocks a weight on the stone.’

3. Nouns

3.1 Animate and inanimate

Every noun belongs to one of two classes. Nouns ending in -a or -i are animate. Nouns ending in -e, -o or -u are inanimate. People, the Phong, animals and goddesses are usually animate, and things and places usually inanimate, but the class follows the ending whatever the meaning. A plum, yüli, ends in -i, so it is animate. The pronoun for it is sey “she, he”.

Class	Endings	Examples
Animate	-a, -i	lira “person”, fonga “Phong”, goya “fish”, züẅa “bee”, yüli “plum”
Inanimate	-e, -o, -u	wese “water”, sulo “moon”, zore “flower”, nyülyu “honey”

(15) Züẅan lünyeatt yülipürunde zoren le.
Züẅan lünye-at=t yülipürun-de zoren le.
bee-PL hum-IPFV=DIR plum.tree-PL-GEN flower-PL LOC
‘Bees are humming in the blossoms of the plum trees.’

(16) Yüli lyoweatt, na sey lureatt salyu le.
Yüli lyowe-at=t, na sey lure-at=t salyu le.
plum ripen-IPFV=DIR and 3AN shine-IPFV=DIR sun LOC
‘The plum is ripening, and she shines in the sun.’

(17) Möli örethat yüli.
Möli öre-tha=t yüli.
Möli eat-PFV=DIR plum
‘Möli ate a plum.’

3.2 The plural

The plural adds -n to the noun: wu “bread, a loaf”, wun “loaves”; goya “fish”, goyan “fish (more than one)”. After a number the plural may be left out, because the number already says how many.

(18) Wuvometharan laleatt wun ẅizhun le.
Wuvometharan lale-at=t wun ẅizhun le.
baker-PL set.down-IPFV=DIR bread-PL lattice.window-PL LOC
‘The bakers are setting out loaves in the windows.’

(19) Liny goya towüatt nolyuẅode ge le.
Liny goya towü-at=t nolyuẅo-de ge le.
two fish swim-IPFV=DIR bridge-GEN shadow LOC
‘Two fish are swimming in the shadow of the stone bridge.’

(20) Yeyonyimun lureatt wese le.
Yeyonyimun lure-at=t wese le.
blue.roof-PL shine-IPFV=DIR water LOC
‘The blue roofs shine in the water.’

3.3 The genitive

The genitive suffix -de marks the owner, the source or the thing something belongs to. The genitive comes before the noun it belongs to, so a chain of genitives reads from the outside in, like English “Nadhi’s house’s courtyard”.

(21) Nadhide lyatede yo le, tru yülipüru olyiatt.
Nadhi-de lyate-de yo le, tru yülipüru olyi-at=t.
Nadhi-GEN house-GEN courtyard LOC one plum.tree grow-IPFV=DIR
‘In the courtyard of Nadhi’s house a plum tree grows.’

When several owners are joined by na, only the last of them takes -de:

(22) Weseenyiten pireusht pevun, dhen na yonyulende vörlun le, na ẅeshi telyi nolyuẅon thiatt son le.
Weseenyiten pire-ush=t pevun, dhen na yonyulen-de vörlun le, na ẅeshi telyi nolyuẅon thi-at=t son le.
canal-PL travel-HAB=DIR shop-PL garden-PL and lane-PL-GEN border-PL LOC and many small bridge-PL exist-IPFV=DIR 3IN.PL LOC
‘The canals run along the edges of the shops, the gardens and the lanes, and there are many small stone bridges over them.’

3.4 Postpositions

Other relations are shown by short words that follow the whole noun phrase: le “in, at, on”, ra “to, towards”, ve “from”, shi “with, by means of”, nye “to, for”, dho “with, together with” and sari “like”. They never take endings of their own.

Postposition	Meaning	Example
le	in, at, on	yo le “in the courtyard”
ra	to, towards	lyanmu ra “to the market”
ve	from	ithire ve “from the mountains”
shi	with, by means of	lyave shi “by her voice”
nye	to, for	lyalli nye “for the hatchling”
dho	with, alongside	nayan dho “with us”
sari	like	sulo sari “like the moon”

(23) Möli lyedöatt yülipüru le.
Möli lyedö-at=t yülipüru le.
Möli sleep-IPFV=DIR plum.tree LOC
‘Möli is asleep beside the plum tree.’

(24) Yülipüru nöraatt zoredhe le.
Yülipüru nöra-at=t zoredhe le.
plum.tree lean-IPFV=DIR flower.garden LOC
‘A plum tree leans in the flower garden.’

(25) Lyalli tuẅüatt seyde miya ra.
Lyalli tuẅü-at=t sey-de miya ra.
hatchling run-IPFV=DIR 3AN-GEN grandmother ALL
‘The hatchling is running to her grandmother.’

(26) Ẅeshi möton levöusht lyanmu ra: yülipürunde dhen ve, nyürinde vowen ve, ithire ve, üdede fu ve, na Ophalrhande niyon ve.
Ẅeshi möton levö-ush=t lyanmu ra: yülipürun-de dhen ve, nyürin-de vowen ve, ithire ve, üde-de fu ve, na Ophalrhan-de niyon ve.
many road-PL come-HAB=DIR market ALL plum.tree-PL-GEN garden-PL ABL artisan-PL-GEN village-PL ABL mountains ABL east-GEN coast ABL and Ophalrhan-GEN camp-PL ABL
‘Many roads come to the market: from the plum orchards, from the craftsmen’s villages, from the mountains, from the eastern coast, and from the camps of the Ophalrhan.’

(27) Möli rözethat Lisha lyave shi.
Möli röze-tha=t Lisha lyave shi.
Möli recognise-PFV=DIR Lisha voice INS
‘Möli knew Lisha by her voice.’

(28) Lyöti nayithat telyi lare Sokide lyalli nye.
Lyöti nayi-tha=t telyi lare Soki-de lyalli nye.
Lyöti give-PFV=DIR small kite Soki-GEN hatchling DAT
‘Lyöti gave a little kite to Soki’s hatchling.’

(29) Ophalrhan, pireim nayan dho.
Ophalrhan, pire-im nayan dho.
Ophalrhan travel-IMP 1PL COM
‘Ophalrhan, travel with us.’

(30) Lyuwenyimun lulureatt sulo sari.
Lyuwenyimun lu-lure-at=t sulo sari.
red.roof-PL RED-shine-IPFV=DIR moon SIM
‘The red roofs flicker like the moon.’

3.5 Making new nouns and adjectives

Several suffixes make nouns and adjectives from other words. -te makes a noun for an action or a quality: lyonya “dance” to lyonyate “dancing”. -thar-a makes a noun for a person who does something: tize “sing” to tizethara “singer”. pulya “keeper” makes the names of offices: tülhalmepulya “sluice keeper”. -nali means “without”: gihunali “without grain”. -osi means “to do with”: teosi “to do with lamps”. -fi means “making”: shethifi “warming”.

(31) Tülhalmepulya siwüatt, na lüyede wese dareatt ithire ve.
Tülhalmepulya siwü-at=t, na lüye-de wese dare-at=t ithire ve.
sluice.keeper whistle-IPFV=DIR and morning-GEN water descend-IPFV=DIR mountains ABL
‘The sluice keeper is whistling, and the morning water comes down from the mountains.’

(32) Tizethara nödeatt seyde sino yo le.
Tizethara nöde-at=t sey-de sino yo le.
singer test-IPFV=DIR 3AN-GEN flute courtyard LOC
‘A singer is testing her flute in the courtyard.’

(33) Lyöge le, treguket falete na towifru.
Lyöge le, tregu-k-e=t falete na towifru.
city LOC music-LINK-COP=DIR knowledge and joy
‘In the city, music is learning and pleasure.’

(34) Lyöti zeythat lyafüru; sulover gihunali lyavo.
Lyöti zey-tha=t lyafüru; sulo-v-e=r gihunali lyavo.
Lyöti see-PFV=DIR sky moon-LINK-COP=ASSUM grainless bowl
‘Lyöti looked at the sky; the moon might be a bowl without grain.’

(35) Pölyin zhülyuatt shethifi bürede vörlu le.
Pölyin zhülyu-at=t shethifi büre-de vörlu le.
child-PL rest-IPFV=DIR warming hearth-GEN border LOC
‘The children are resting beside the warming hearth.’

3.6 Compounds and the four directions

Two nouns can be joined into one word, with the head last: yüli “plum” + püru “tree” gives yülipüru “plum tree”, zore “flower” + lyize “field” gives zorelyize “flower meadow”. The directions are möge “north”, lüẅo “south”, üde “east” and zöku “west”. The points between are compounds: lüẅozöku “southwest”.

(36) Lüẅozöku le, weröro dhuleatt ithire ve baso ra.
Lüẅozöku le, weröro dhule-at=t ithire ve baso ra.
southwest LOC waterfall fall-IPFV=DIR mountains ABL valley ALL
‘In the southwest a waterfall drops from the mountains into the valley.’

3.7 Verbs with a noun inside

A verb can take a noun into itself: zore “flower” + tre “gather” gives zoretre “go flower-gathering”. The noun inside the verb is not a particular flower. The verb takes no object:

(37) Iẅe le, nenan na pölyin zoretreusht zorelyizen le.
Iẅe le, nenan na pölyin zoretre-ush=t zorelyizen le.
spring LOC woman-PL and child-PL gather.flowers-HAB=DIR meadow-PL LOC
‘In spring, women and children go flower-gathering in the meadows.’

(38) Nadhi zanesödheatt lyu le.
Nadhi zane-södhe-at=t lyu le.
Nadhi record.prayer-IPFV=DIR scroll LOC
‘Nadhi is writing a prayer on a scroll.’

4. Pronouns, demonstratives and numbers

4.1 Personal pronouns

Khélai pronouns tell animate from inanimate. They say nothing about whether a person is a woman or a man. sey can be translated “she”, “he” or “they”, and is also used for animals and for animate things such as a plum. Pronouns are often left out when it is clear who is meant.

Person	Singular	Plural
First	nay	nayan
Second	du	dun
Third, animate	sey	seyan
Third, inanimate	so	son

(39) “Du lenuthat mush?” “Nay lenuthat nyülyu.”
“Du lenu-tha=t mush?” “Nay lenu-tha=t nyülyu.”
2SG buy-PFV=DIR what 1SG buy-PFV=DIR honey
‘“What did you buy?” “I bought honey.”’

(40) Lyöti zeythat tru goya; sey towüatt wipun le.
Lyöti zey-tha=t tru goya; sey towü-at=t wipun le.
Lyöti see-PFV=DIR one fish 3AN swim-IPFV=DIR reed-PL LOC
‘Lyöti saw a fish; it was swimming among the reeds.’

(41) Lyöti zeythat tru lare; so vigaatt blüẅo le.
Lyöti zey-tha=t tru lare; so viga-at=t blüẅo le.
Lyöti see-PFV=DIR one kite 3IN fly-IPFV=DIR height LOC
‘Lyöti saw a kite; it was flying high up.’

4.2 This and that

sa “this”, su “that”, sani “these” and suni “those” come before the noun. Khélai has no word for “the” or “a”; tru “one” is used when a new thing comes into the story.

(42) Sa nyülyu nat nami, day su nyülyu nat yemnyi.
Sa nyülyu na=t nami, day su nyülyu na=t yemnyi.
this honey ATTR=DIR sweet but that honey ATTR=DIR bitter
‘This honey is sweet, but that honey is bitter.’

(43) Suni ralin darethat Ithire ve.
Suni ralin dare-tha=t Ithire ve.
those mammoth-PL descend-PFV=DIR mountains ABL
‘Those mammoths came down from the Íthir.’

4.3 Counting in twelves

Khélai counts in twelves. The numbers from one to twelve are tru, liny, a, nin, pre, ho, zu, bu, to, er, ha, thral. Higher numbers put the number of twelves before thral and the rest after it: liny thral is twenty-four, a thral nin is forty. A number comes before its noun. The noun need not be plural.

(44) Pevupulya yethat thral elo, na sey lalethat son nyu le.
Pevupulya ye-tha=t thral elo, na sey lale-tha=t son nyu le.
shopkeeper count-PFV=DIR twelve egg and 3AN set.down-PFV=DIR 3IN.PL basket LOC
‘The shopkeeper counted twelve eggs, and she put them in a basket.’

(45) Vlethara ödhüthat liny thral nimu.
Vlethara ödhü-tha=t liny thral nimu.
weaver sell-PFV=DIR two twelve guest.cloth
‘The weaver sold twenty-four guest-cloths.’

(46) Öma lenuthat a thral sino blöko ve.
Öma lenu-tha=t a thral sino blöko ve.
merchant buy-PFV=DIR three twelve flute caravan ABL
‘A merchant bought thirty-six flutes from the caravan.’

(47) A piyu le, lin fleusht nödho.
A piyu le, li-n fle-ush=t nödho.
three winter LOC priest-PL close-HAB=DIR screen
‘For three winters the priests closed the shutter.’

Ordinals add -ri: tru-ri “first”, liny-ri “second”, a-ri “third”.

(48) Linyri piyu le, lyavo freruthat.
Liny-ri piyu le, lyavo freru-tha=t.
two-ORD winter LOC bowl break-PFV=DIR
‘In the second winter, the bowl cracked.’

4.4 Every, many, few, other, same

loyi “every”, ẅeshi “many”, miri “a few, a little”, maẅi “other” and ami “same” come before the noun. A noun after loyi stays singular; after ẅeshi and miri, it is usually plural.

(49) Loyi lyate thiatt tru yo dho.
Loyi lyate thi-at=t tru yo dho.
every house exist-IPFV=DIR one courtyard COM
‘Every house has a courtyard.’

(50) Ẅeshi lyallin zhizhaatt lyüshu le, na miri ulyi fongan thenaatt se le.
Ẅeshi lyallin zhizha-at=t lyüshu le, na miri ulyi fongan thena-at=t se le.
many hatchling-PL play-IPFV=DIR grass LOC and little senior Phong-PL wait-IPFV=DIR bank LOC
‘Many hatchlings are playing in the grass, and a few old Phong are waiting on the bank.’

(51) Ami zore nölyüusht loyi iẅe le.
Ami zore nölyü-ush=t loyi iẅe le.
same flower bloom-HAB=DIR every spring LOC
‘The same flower blooms every spring.’

4.5 Times of day and seasons

The day is divided into watches: lüye the morning watch, lyöẅe noon, ẅöru the evening watch, dhu the night and nire is dusk. The year has four seasons: iẅe spring, mulyilu summer, fayo autumn and piyu winter. A time takes le, like a place, and usually stands at the head of the sentence.

(52) Nire le, dhöẅu pireusht lyatende nyimun ve lyafüru ra.
Nire le, dhöẅu pire-ush=t lyaten-de nyimun ve lyafüru ra.
dusk LOC smoke travel-HAB=DIR house-PL-GEN roof-PL ABL sky ALL
‘At dusk, smoke rises from the roofs of the houses into the sky.’

(53) Dhu le, pevupulyan lyedöusht seyande pevun le, na lyüẅin lyedöusht sonde lyilyen le.
Dhu le, pevupulyan lyedö-ush=t seyan-de pevun le, na lyüẅin lyedö-ush=t son-de lyilyen le.
night LOC shopkeeper-PL sleep-HAB=DIR 3AN.PL-GEN shop-PL LOC and dog-PL sleep-HAB=DIR 3IN.PL-GEN doorway-PL LOC
‘At night, the shopkeepers sleep in their shops, and the dogs sleep in the doorways.’

(54) Iẅe le, zorelyizen zheyuusht kölye, na nenan wifousht nimun weseenyiten le.
Iẅe le, zorelyizen zheyu-ush=t kölye, na nenan wifo-ush=t nimun weseenyiten le.
spring LOC meadow-PL become-HAB=DIR green and woman-PL wash-HAB=DIR guest.cloth-PL canal-PL LOC
‘In spring, the meadows turn green, and the women wash the guest-cloths in the canals.’

(55) Mulyilu le, liran ẅelyousht werörode lathi wese le, na pölyin towüusht weseenyiten le.
Mulyilu le, liran ẅelyo-ush=t weröro-de lathi wese le, na pölyin towü-ush=t weseenyiten le.
summer LOC person-PL bathe-HAB=DIR waterfall-GEN cold water LOC and child-PL swim-HAB=DIR canal-PL LOC
‘In summer, people bathe in the cold water of the waterfall, and the children swim in the canals.’

(56) Fayo le, ralin dareusht ithire ve, na vletharan lenuusht seyande fülbu.
Fayo le, ralin dare-ush=t ithire ve, na vletharan lenu-ush=t seyan-de fülbu.
autumn LOC mammoth-PL descend-HAB=DIR mountains ABL and weaver-PL buy-HAB=DIR 3AN.PL-GEN wool
‘In autumn, the mammoths come down from the mountains, and the weavers buy their wool.’

(57) Piyu le, hagewu nümuusht lyuwenyimun na yeyonyimun, na son nat ami.
Piyu le, hagewu nümu-ush=t lyuwenyimun na yeyonyimun, na son na=t ami.
winter LOC snow cover-HAB=DIR red.roof-PL and blue.roof-PL and 3IN.PL ATTR=DIR same
‘In winter, snow covers the red roofs and the blue roofs, and they look the same.’

5. Verbs

5.1 The parts of a verb

A Khélai verb is built in a fixed order: the root, then a suffix of aspect, then a suffix that changes who does what, then a clitic of evidence. Only the root and, in a statement, the aspect and the evidence are needed. The verb does not change for person or number.

Root	Aspect	Valency	Evidence
södhe “write”	-tha perfective	-u passive	=t direct

(58) Karalo södhethaut lyu le.
Karalo södhe-tha-u=t lyu le.
clan.oath record-PFV-PASS=DIR scroll LOC
‘The clan oath was written on a scroll.’

5.2 Aspect

Aspect shows whether an event is going on, finished, repeated, starting or carried through to the end. Khélai has no tense. When the time matters it is given by a phrase such as lüye le “at the morning watch”.

Form	Name	Meaning
-at	imperfective	going on; a scene
-tha	perfective	a whole event, finished
-ush	habitual	done again and again; a custom
-isk	inceptive	beginning
-omp	completive	done to the end
re=	prospective	about to happen; intended
me=	resultative	the state left by an earlier event

The imperfective describes a scene while it is going on:

(59) Vlethara lalyeatt zoren nimu le, na sey lünyeatt.
Vlethara lalye-at=t zoren nimu le, na sey lünye-at=t.
weaver embroider-IPFV=DIR flower-PL guest.cloth LOC and 3AN hum-IPFV=DIR
‘A weaver is embroidering flowers on a guest-cloth, and she is humming.’

(60) Töno tizeatt lyanmu le.
Töno tize-at=t lyanmu le.
bell sing-IPFV=DIR market LOC
‘The bell is singing (ringing) in the market.’

The perfective talks about one event as a whole:

(61) Shulẅo shöẅüthat, na tru lare vigathat baso ra.
Shulẅo shöẅü-tha=t, na tru lare viga-tha=t baso ra.
wind blow-PFV=DIR and one kite fly-PFV=DIR valley ALL
‘The wind blew, and a kite flew off towards the valley.’

(62) Soreyu blethaut.
Soreyu ble-tha-u=t.
sanctuary.gate open-PFV-PASS=DIR
‘The sanctuary gate was opened.’

The habitual tells what happens again and again. This is the aspect of customs, seasons and daily work:

(63) Lisha lyüwiusht mumo lyavo le.
Lisha lyüwi-ush=t mumo lyavo le.
Lisha serve.rice-HAB=DIR rice bowl LOC
‘Lisha serves rice into a bowl.’

(64) Vletharan vleusht lyesun lyanmu le.
Vletharan vle-ush=t lyesun lyanmu le.
weaver-PL weave-HAB=DIR thread-PL market LOC
‘The weavers weave threads in the market.’

(65) Iẅe le, türan levöusht rokge ra.
Iẅe le, türan levö-ush=t rokge ra.
spring LOC heron-PL come-HAB=DIR marsh ALL
‘In spring, the herons come to the marsh.’

The inceptive marks the start of something:

(66) Lüye le, saron nöreiskt, na liẅan tizeiskt.
Lüye le, saron nöre-isk=t, na liẅan tize-isk=t.
morning LOC star-PL fade-INCEP=DIR and bird-PL sing-INCEP=DIR
‘At the morning watch, the stars begin to fade, and the birds begin to sing.’

The completive says that something was done to the very end:

(67) Pölyi öreompt seyde üre, na sey löbithat elo.
Pölyi öre-omp=t sey-de üre, na sey löbi-tha=t elo.
child eat-COMPL=DIR 3AN-GEN soup and 3AN ask-PFV=DIR egg
‘The child finished all her soup, and she asked for an egg.’

The particles re= and me= stand before the verb in place of the aspect suffix. re= says that something is about to happen or is meant to. me= describes the state that something has left behind.

(68) Woshwun levöatt ithire ve; möve redhuler.
Woshwun levö-at=t ithire ve; möve re=dhule=r.
cloud-PL come-IPFV=DIR mountains ABL rain PROSP=fall=ASSUM
‘Clouds are coming from the mountains; it is about to rain.’

(69) Yülin melyowet.
Yülin me=lyowe=t.
plum-PL RES=ripen=DIR
‘The plums are ripe.’

(70) Lyuwenyimun menöres.
Lyuwenyimun me=nöre=s.
red.roof-PL RES=fade=INFER
‘The red roofs have faded, it seems.’

5.3 Who does what: the valency suffixes

Four suffixes come after the aspect and change the people taking part. -iv makes someone do something or makes something happen; -u leaves out the doer; -ely means “each other”; -om means “oneself”.

(71) Pölyin vigaativt laren üno le.
Pölyin viga-at-iv=t laren üno le.
child-PL fly-IPFV-CAUS=DIR kite-PL hill LOC
‘The children are flying kites on the hill.’

(72) Nadhi olyiushivt zoren seyde yo le.
Nadhi olyi-ush-iv=t zoren sey-de yo le.
Nadhi grow-HAB-CAUS=DIR flower-PL 3AN-GEN courtyard LOC
‘Nadhi grows flowers in her courtyard.’

(73) Wun dörothaut vene lüye.
Wun döro-tha-u=t vene lüye.
bread-PL bake-PFV-PASS=DIR before morning
‘The loaves were baked before the morning watch.’

(74) Liny ali nyönüthaelyt nolyuẅo le, na seyan shikothat.
Liny ali nyönü-tha-ely=t nolyuẅo le, na seyan shiko-tha=t.
two friend greet-PFV-RECP=DIR bridge LOC and 3AN.PL laugh-PFV=DIR
‘Two friends greeted each other on the bridge, and they laughed.’

(75) Türa zeyatomt avi wese le.
Türa zey-at-om=t avi wese le.
heron see-IPFV-REFL=DIR shallow water LOC
‘The heron is looking at itself in the shallow water.’

(76) Lyöti zeythat zorelye vipe le; sey zeyatomt wese le.
Lyöti zey-tha=t zorelye vipe le; sey zey-at-om=t wese le.
Lyöti see-PFV=DIR flower.image dye LOC 3AN see-IPFV-REFL=DIR water LOC
‘Lyöti saw a blossom’s image in the dye vat; she saw herself in the water.’

5.4 Must, may and want

Three particles at the end of a clause add necessity, possibility and wish: ta “must”, lu “may, might” and the “wants to, means to”. With ta and the the verb usually takes the prospective re=.

(77) Mima levöatt; nayan relyöder zorekalyo ta.
Mima levö-at=t; nayan re=lyöde=r zorekalyo ta.
guest come-IPFV=DIR 1PL PROSP=pour=ASSUM flower.syrup NEC
‘A guest is coming; we must pour the flower syrup.’

(78) Iẅe le, ithirede liran levöusht lyanmu ra, na seyan lyonyuusht nyülyu lu.
Iẅe le, ithire-de liran levö-ush=t lyanmu ra, na seyan lyonyu-ush=t nyülyu lu.
spring LOC mountains-GEN person-PL come-HAB=DIR market ALL and 3AN.PL bring-HAB=DIR honey POSS
‘In spring, the mountain people come to the market, and they may bring honey.’

(79) Lyöti relenur sino the.
Lyöti re=lenu=r sino the.
Lyöti PROSP=buy=ASSUM flute VOL
‘Lyöti wants to buy a flute.’

5.5 Commands

A command adds -im to the verb and has no evidential, since it says nothing about what anyone knows. It is spoken in a level, high voice. A prayer to a goddess uses the same form.

(80) Söpaim sa üre.
Söpa-im sa üre.
taste-IMP this soup
‘Taste this soup.’

(81) Ne tuẅüim nolyuẅo le!
Ne tuẅü-im nolyuẅo le!
NEG run-IMP bridge LOC
‘Don’t run on the bridge!’

(82) Threim pölyin.
Thre-im pölyin.
protect-IMP child-PL
‘Keep the children safe.’

5.6 Saying no

ne comes directly before the verb, or before re= or me=. It cannot stand before a noun. Khélai cannot say “not the sword, the bread”, and says instead:

(83) Nadhi ne zeythat zhore; sey zeythat wu.
Nadhi ne zey-tha=t zhore; sey zey-tha=t wu.
Nadhi NEG see-PFV=DIR sword 3AN see-PFV=DIR bread
‘Nadhi did not see a sword; she saw bread.’

(84) Sa piyu le, hagewu ne dhulethat lyöge le, day so dhulethat Ithire le.
Sa piyu le, hagewu ne dhule-tha=t lyöge le, day so dhule-tha=t Ithire le.
this winter LOC snow NEG fall-PFV=DIR city LOC but 3IN fall-PFV=DIR mountains LOC
‘This winter, no snow fell in the city, but it fell in the Íthir Mountains.’

(85) Pölyin ne relyedör; seyan honuatt kipen.
Pölyin ne re=lyedö=r; seyan honu-at=t kipen.
child-PL NEG PROSP=sleep=ASSUM 3AN.PL hear-IPFV=DIR drum-PL
‘The children are not going to sleep; they hear the drums.’

6. How the speaker knows: the evidentials

6.1 Four kinds of knowledge

A statement in Khélai says how the speaker knows it. Four clitics are attached to the verb, or to a copula, and one of them is chosen in every careful sentence. The clitic shows where the knowledge came from. A speaker who is unsure adds lu “may” (§5.4).

Clitic	Name	The speaker …
=t	direct	saw, heard, tasted or did it herself
=n	reportative	was told it, or has it from a book or from tradition
=s	inferential	worked it out from what she can see
=r	assumptive	takes it for granted, or supposes it on general grounds

With =t the speaker was there:

(86) Mumo nat shethi.
Mumo na=t shethi.
rice ATTR=DIR warm
‘The rice is warm.’

(87) Nay söpathat nyülyu; so nat nami.
Nay söpa-tha=t nyülyu; so na=t nami.
1SG taste-PFV=DIR honey 3IN ATTR=DIR sweet
‘I tasted the honey; it is sweet.’

(88) Nay ẅelyothat werörode wese le; so nat lathi.
Nay ẅelyo-tha=t weröro-de wese le; so na=t lathi.
1SG bathe-PFV=DIR waterfall-GEN water LOC 3IN ATTR=DIR cold
‘I bathed in the water of the waterfall; it was cold.’

With =n she was told:

(89) Narshaliyan pireatn lyire shi.
Narshaliyan pire-at=n lyire shi.
Narshaliya-PL travel-IPFV=REP lyira INS
‘The Narshalye travel by way of a lyira, so it is said.’

(90) Ithirede liran nareushn werörode vörlu le, na seyande pölyin towüushn lathi wese le.
Ithire-de liran nare-ush=n weröro-de vörlu le, na seyan-de pölyin towü-ush=n lathi wese le.
mountains-GEN person-PL dwell-HAB=REP waterfall-GEN border LOC and 3AN.PL-GEN child-PL swim-HAB=REP cold water LOC
‘The mountain people live by the waterfall, they say, and their children swim in the cold water.’

With =s she reasons from what is in front of her:

(91) Yode lyason nas nüẅi; möve dhulethas dhu le.
Yo-de lyason na=s nüẅi; möve dhule-tha=s dhu le.
courtyard-GEN floor-PL ATTR=INFER wet rain fall-PFV=INFER night LOC
‘The courtyard floor is wet; it must have rained in the night.’

(92) Lözhen thiisks zoredhe le.
Lözhen thi-isk=s zoredhe le.
weed-PL exist-INCEP=INFER flower.garden LOC
‘Weeds are coming up in the flower gardens, by the look of it.’

With =r she assumes:

(93) Ithirede blüẅo le, hagewu lowiatr.
Ithire-de blüẅo le, hagewu lowi-at=r.
mountains-GEN height LOC snow stay-IPFV=ASSUM
‘Up in the Íthir the snow will still be lying.’

6.2 Evidence inside a sentence

A clause after the “that” keeps its own evidential when it comes from someone else’s knowledge. In the sentence below Nadhi remembers for herself (=t), but what she remembers is something she was told (=n).

(94) Nadhi zheatt the seyde miya döroushn wu sa büre le.
Nadhi zhe-at=t the sey-de miya döro-ush=n wu sa büre le.
Nadhi remember-IPFV=DIR COMP 3AN-GEN grandmother bake-HAB=REP bread this hearth LOC
‘Nadhi remembers being told that her grandmother used to bake bread at this hearth.’

Quoted speech carries the evidentials of the person quoted. The narrator takes over again when the quotation ends.

(95) Lisha yayethat: “Lyavo freruthat linyri piyu le.”
Lisha yaye-tha=t: “Lyavo freru-tha=t liny-ri piyu le.”
Lisha say-PFV=DIR bowl break-PFV=DIR two-ORD winter LOC
‘Lisha says: “The bowl broke in the second winter.”’

6.3 One evidential for a chain

When two verbs share one subject and are known in the same way, the evidential can be put once, at the end (Chapter 9). The flowers below are seen shining and fading at the same moment. The =t covers both.

(96) Zoren lureat·r·nöreatt wese le.
Zoren lure-at=r=nöre-at=t wese le.
flower-PL shine-IPFV=SS.SIM=fade-IPFV=DIR water LOC
‘Flowers shine in the water even while they fade.’

6.4 How the clitics sound

The evidential clitics change their sound to suit the next word, though the spelling does not change. Before b, d, g =t is said [d], before a nasal [n], before a fricative [s], and before l, ly or r [r]. =n is said [m] before p, b, m, [ŋ] before k, g and [ɲ] before y. =s is said [z] before a voiced sound. =r is said [n] before a nasal and [l] before l. So pire-tha=t Nemore ra “travelled to Némorath” is said [pireθan nemore ra].

Clitic	Next sound	Said as
=t	b, d, g	[d]
=t	m, n, ny	[n]
=t	a fricative	[s]
=t	l, ly, r	[r]
=n	p, b, m	[m]
=n	k, g	[ŋ]
=n	y	[ɲ]
=s	a voiced sound	[z]
=r	a nasal	[n]
=r	l	[l]

7. Being, seeming and becoming

7.1 Three ways to say “is”

Where English has “is”, Khélai uses one of three words. thi says that something exists or is somewhere; it is an ordinary verb, with aspect and evidential. e says what something is. na says what something is like. The last two have no aspect, but they carry an evidential clitic.

Word	Use	Example
thi	there is; is somewhere	nyülyu thi-at=t pöẅu le “there is honey in the jar”
e	is (a thing, a person)	Soki e=t fonga “Soki is a Phong”
na	is (of a quality)	üre na=t felyi “the soup is sour”

(97) Nyülyu thiatt pöẅu le, na züẅa thiatt pöẅude vörlu le.
Nyülyu thi-at=t pöẅu le, na züẅa thi-at=t pöẅu-de vörlu le.
honey exist-IPFV=DIR jar LOC and bee exist-IPFV=DIR jar-GEN border LOC
‘There is honey in the jar, and there is a bee on the rim of the jar.’

(98) Zoredhe thiatt sore le.
Zoredhe thi-at=t sore le.
flower.garden exist-IPFV=DIR sanctuary LOC
‘There is a flower garden inside the sanctuary.’

(99) Soki et Lyötide ali.
Soki e=t Lyöti-de ali.
Soki EQU=DIR Lyöti-GEN friend
‘Soki is Lyöti’s friend.’

(100) Mölivet Lishade pölyi.
Möli-v-e=t Lisha-de pölyi.
Möli-LINK-COP=DIR Lisha-GEN child
‘Möli is Lisha’s child.’

(101) Üre nat felyi, day pötho nat nami.
Üre na=t felyi, day pötho na=t nami.
soup ATTR=DIR sour but steamed.cake ATTR=DIR sweet
‘The soup is sour, but the steamed cake is sweet.’

(102) Lyuwenotu–Yeyonotu nat vösi.
Lyuwenotu-yeyonotu na=t vösi.
City.of.Gables ATTR=DIR beautiful
‘The City of Red and Blue Gables is beautiful.’

7.2 More and less

There is no word for “more”. A quality is compared with na and the postposition ve “from”. Literally, honey is sweet “from” flower syrup.

(103) Nyülyu nat nami zorekalyo ve.
Nyülyu na=t nami zorekalyo ve.
honey ATTR=DIR sweet flower.syrup ABL
‘Honey is sweeter than flower syrup.’

(104) Weröro nat vöyi kipen ve.
Weröro na=t vöyi kipen ve.
waterfall ATTR=DIR loud drum-PL ABL
‘The waterfall is louder than the drums.’

7.3 Like

sari “like” follows the thing compared. After na it can make the whole predicate.

(105) Pevupulyade lyave nat kipe sari.
Pevupulya-de lyave na=t kipe sari.
shopkeeper-GEN voice ATTR=DIR drum SIM
‘The shopkeeper’s voice is like a drum.’

(106) Fayo le, dhöẅu nat müẅu sari baso le.
Fayo le, dhöẅu na=t müẅu sari baso le.
autumn LOC smoke ATTR=DIR moss SIM valley LOC
‘In autumn, the smoke in the valley is like moss.’

7.4 Becoming and making

zheyu “become” takes what something becomes as its object. vome “make” can take an adjective after its object: “make the stones bright”.

(107) Fayo le, yülipürunde vaẅun zheyuusht lyuwe.
Fayo le, yülipürun-de vaẅun zheyu-ush=t lyuwe.
autumn LOC plum.tree-PL-GEN leaf-PL become-HAB=DIR red
‘In autumn, the leaves of the plum trees turn red.’

(108) Möve vomethat lyögede nolyun luri.
Möve vome-tha=t lyöge-de nolyun luri.
rain make-PFV=DIR city-GEN stone-PL luminous
‘The rain made the stones of the city bright.’

8. Liaison

8.1 The hidden consonant

Some nouns once ended in a consonant that has since been lost. It is silent when the noun stands alone and is heard again in a few close places: before the copula e, after a genitive when the next word begins with a vowel, and after one of the few adjectives listed with a linker when the noun begins with a vowel. There are four of these linkers, -l-, -n-, -v- and -k-, and the one a noun takes has to be learned with the noun, as a dictionary shows it: liẅa (L) “bird”, lare (N) “kite”, nyülyu (V) “honey”, tregu (K) “music”. Most nouns have none.

(109) Tru liẅalet türa, na sey thenaatt höẅu le.
Tru liẅa-l-e=t türa, na sey thena-at=t höẅu le.
one bird-LINK-COP=DIR heron and 3AN wait-IPFV=DIR ford LOC
‘One of the birds is a heron, and it is waiting at the ford.’

(110) Larenet lyallide zhizhate.
Lare-n-e=t lyalli-de zhizhate.
kite-LINK-COP=DIR hatchling-GEN game
‘The kite is the hatchling’s plaything.’

(111) Nyülyuvet züẅande lyözo.
Nyülyu-v-e=t züẅan-de lyözo.
honey-LINK-COP=DIR bee-PL-GEN wealth
‘Honey is the bees’ wealth.’

(112) Lyöge le, treguket falete na towifru.
Lyöge le, tregu-k-e=t falete na towifru.
city LOC music-LINK-COP=DIR knowledge and joy
‘In the city, music is learning and pleasure.’

8.2 After a genitive

A genitive followed by a noun beginning with a vowel brings out the linker of the owner. The genitive suffix comes first and the linker after it.

(113) Liẅadelelo thiatt lyüshu le.
Liẅa-de-l-elo thi-at=t lyüshu le.
bird-GEN-LINK-egg exist-IPFV=DIR grass LOC
‘A bird’s egg is lying in the grass.’

(114) Fongadenenyu yöneatt wipun le.
Fonga-de-n-enyu yöne-at=t wipun le.
Phong-GEN-LINK-boat float-IPFV=DIR reed-PL LOC
‘A Phong’s boat is drifting among the reeds.’

8.3 Where there is no linker

A verb that begins with a vowel does not bring out a linker, and nor does a postposition. A noun without a linker class never takes one, whatever follows.

(115) Möli örethat yüli.
Möli öre-tha=t yüli.
Möli eat-PFV=DIR plum
‘Möli ate a plum.’

(116) Sa zore er yülipürude zore.
Sa zore e=r yülipüru-de zore.
this flower EQU=ASSUM plum.tree-GEN flower
‘This flower must be a plum blossom.’

A pause also stops the linker. In Vüwu-v-e=r möto the noun and the copula are said in one breath and the linker is heard. In Vüwu, e=r möto there is a pause after vüwu, no linker is heard. The rainbow is named first as the topic.

(117) Vüwuver Ophalrhande möto.
Vüwu-v-e=r Ophalrhan-de möto.
rainbow-LINK-COP=ASSUM Ophalrhan-GEN road
‘The rainbow might be Ophalrhan’s road.’

(118) Vüwu, er Ophalrhande möto.
Vüwu, e=r Ophalrhan-de möto.
rainbow EQU=ASSUM Ophalrhan-GEN road
‘The rainbow: it might be Ophalrhan’s road.’

9. Chains of verbs

9.1 One thing after another

Two verbs with the same subject can be joined by =l=, which means that the second event follows the first. Each verb keeps its own evidential in careful prose.

(119) Wuvomethara krethat·l·söpathat tru wu.
Wuvomethara kre-tha=t=l=söpa-tha=t tru wu.
baker lift-PFV=DIR=SS.SEQ=taste-PFV=DIR one bread
‘The baker picked up a loaf and tasted it.’

(120) Möli lyilotha·l·vögethat.
Möli lyilo-tha=l=vöge-tha=t.
Möli blink-PFV=SS.SEQ=smile-PFV=DIR
‘Möli blinked, then smiled.’

9.2 At the same time

=r= joins two verbs whose events happen together. It sounds like the assumptive =r, but it always stands between two verbs.

(121) Pölyin tuẅüatt·r·shikoatt.
Pölyin tuẅü-at=t=r=shiko-at=t.
child-PL run-IPFV=DIR=SS.SIM=laugh-IPFV=DIR
‘The children run, laughing.’

(122) Vlethara vleat·r·yayeatt.
Vlethara vle-at=r=yaye-at=t.
weaver weave-IPFV=SS.SIM=say-IPFV=DIR
‘The weaver weaves and talks.’

9.3 One evidential for the chain

When the subject and the source of knowledge stay the same, the evidential may be put only on the last verb.

(123) Lyöti tumetha·l·zhülyuthat ünode blüẅo le.
Lyöti tume-tha=l=zhülyu-tha=t üno-de blüẅo le.
Lyöti climb-PFV=SS.SEQ=rest-PFV=DIR hill-GEN height LOC
‘Lyöti climbed to the top of the hill and rested there.’

9.4 Breaking the chain

A chain must break when the subject changes, when the source of knowledge changes, or when a new speaker begins. A new subject is named, and a semicolon or na marks the break.

(124) Nadhi wöpethat nimu; Lyöti slethat so.
Nadhi wöpe-tha=t nimu; Lyöti sle-tha=t so.
Nadhi fold-PFV=DIR guest.cloth Lyöti carry-PFV=DIR 3IN
‘Nadhi folds the guest-cloth; Lyöti carries it away.’

(125) Lisha dörothat pötho; Möli örethat so.
Lisha döro-tha=t pötho; Möli öre-tha=t so.
Lisha bake-PFV=DIR steamed.cake Möli eat-PFV=DIR 3IN
‘Lisha baked a steamed cake; Möli ate it.’

10. Phrases and clauses

10.1 The order of words

The usual order is subject, verb, object, and then the phrases of place and manner. A phrase that sets the scene, such as a time of day or a season, often comes first, followed by a comma.

(126) Ulyi nena lalyeatt türa nimu le.
Ulyi nena lalye-at=t türa nimu le.
senior woman embroider-IPFV=DIR heron guest.cloth LOC
‘An old woman is embroidering a heron on a guest-cloth.’

(127) Lüye le, yeyonyimun lureatt Nemore le.
Lüye le, yeyonyimu-n lure-at=t Nemore le.
morning LOC blue.roof-PL shine-IPFV=DIR Némorath LOC
‘At the morning watch, the blue-roofed houses shine in Némorath.’

10.2 The noun phrase

Inside a noun phrase the order is: demonstrative, number, adjective, noun. A genitive comes before its noun, and a relative clause after it.

(128) Sani liny telyi goya towüatt pöẅu le.
Sani liny telyi goya towü-at=t pöẅu le.
these two small fish swim-IPFV=DIR jar LOC
‘These two little fish are swimming in the jar.’

10.3 Relative clauses

A relative clause begins with ke and follows its noun. The noun is left out of the clause when it is the subject or the object.

(129) Lyöti lenuthat sino ke tru fonga vomethat.
Lyöti lenu-tha=t sino ke tru fonga vome-tha=t.
Lyöti buy-PFV=DIR flute REL one Phong make-PFV=DIR
‘Lyöti bought a flute that a Phong had made.’

(130) Lyöti zeythat fonga ke zhareatt wesede vöra.
Lyöti zey-tha=t fonga ke zhare-at=t wese-de vöra.
Lyöti see-PFV=DIR Phong REL worship-IPFV=DIR water-GEN goddess
‘Lyöti saw a Phong who worshipped the water goddess.’

When the noun is an owner, or goes with a postposition, a pronoun stands in for it inside the clause.

(131) Nay giyethat yo ke tru yülipüru olyiatt so le.
Nay giye-tha=t yo ke tru yülipüru olyi-at=t so le.
1SG find-PFV=DIR courtyard REL one plum.tree grow-IPFV=DIR 3IN LOC
‘I found a courtyard where a plum tree grows.’

(132) Tru vey liny lyeyo le, blöko lyonyuusht ziyu ke sode melyo ne thiatt lyöge le.
Tru vey liny lyeyo le, blöko lyonyu-ush=t ziyu ke so-de melyo ne thi-at=t lyöge le.
one or two year LOC caravan bring-HAB=DIR instrument REL 3IN-GEN name NEG exist-IPFV=DIR city LOC
‘Once or twice a year a caravan brings an instrument that has no name in the city.’

10.4 Clauses after “that”

A clause that says what someone knows, hears, remembers or says begins with the.

(133) Lyöti honuthat the türan levöthan röli rokge ra.
Lyöti honu-tha=t the türan levö-tha=n röli rokge ra.
Lyöti hear-PFV=DIR COMP heron-PL come-PFV=REP again marsh ALL
‘Lyöti heard that the herons had come back to the marsh.’

10.5 Questions

A yes-or-no question has the same words as a statement and a rising voice at the end. A question word appears where the answer would be.

Word	Meaning
hal	who
mush	what
vö	where
she	when
dha	why
ẅe	how
preny	how many

(134) Du honuatt kipen?
Du honu-at=t kipen?
2SG hear-IPFV=DIR drum-PL
‘Do you hear the drums?’

(135) Hal dörothat sa wu?
Hal döro-tha=t sa wu?
who bake-PFV=DIR this bread
‘Who baked this bread?’

(136) Blöko relevör she?
Blöko re=levö=r she?
caravan PROSP=come=ASSUM when
‘When is the caravan coming?’

(137) Pölyin shikoatt dha?
Pölyin shiko-at=t dha?
child-PL laugh-IPFV=DIR why
‘Why are the children laughing?’

(138) Preny elo thiatt nyu le?
Preny elo thi-at=t nyu le?
how.many egg exist-IPFV=DIR basket LOC
‘How many eggs are in the basket?’

10.6 And, but, or, because

na “and”, day “but” and vey “or” join words and clauses. mena “because” begins a clause.

(139) Lyöti tizeatt, day Soki lyonyaatt.
Lyöti tize-at=t, day Soki lyonya-at=t.
Lyöti sing-IPFV=DIR but Soki dance-IPFV=DIR
‘Lyöti is singing, but Soki is dancing.’

(140) Pölyi ne lyedöatt, mena sulo lureatt seyde ẅizhu le.
Pölyi ne lyedö-at=t, mena sulo lure-at=t sey-de ẅizhu le.
child NEG sleep-IPFV=DIR because moon shine-IPFV=DIR 3AN-GEN lattice.window LOC
‘The child is not asleep, because the moon is shining in her window.’

10.7 Before, after, while

vene “before”, gelen “after” and nure “while” begin a clause of time, which usually comes first. They can also stand before a noun of time, or before so “that”: gelen so “after that”, nure so “meanwhile”.

(141) Vene salyu daslyeusht, wuvometharan ümeusht seyande büren, na eli memülmin tuẅüusht·r·sleusht lyen lyatende yonyulen le.
Vene salyu daslye-ush=t, wuvometharan üme-ush=t seyan-de büren, na eli memülmin tuẅü-ush=t=r=sle-ush=t lyen lyaten-de yonyulen le.
before sun surface-HAB=DIR baker-PL ignite-HAB=DIR 3AN.PL-GEN hearth-PL and young courier-PL run-HAB=DIR=SS.SIM=carry-HAB=DIR tablet-PL house-PL-GEN lane-PL LOC
‘Before the sun comes up, the bakers light their hearths, and young couriers run through the lanes between the houses carrying slates.’

(142) Nure möve dhuleatt, pölyin zhizhaatt ẅizhude vörlu le.
Nure möve dhule-at=t, pölyin zhizha-at=t ẅizhu-de vörlu le.
while rain fall-IPFV=DIR child-PL play-IPFV=DIR lattice.window-GEN border LOC
‘While the rain is falling, the children play by the window.’

(143) Gelen nire, liran plokuusht goyan se le.
Gelen nire, liran ploku-ush=t goyan se le.
after dusk person-PL roast-HAB=DIR fish-PL bank LOC
‘After dusk, people grill fish on the bank.’

10.8 If

A condition begins with shele “if”, and the result may begin with ru “then”.

(144) Shele shulẅo shöẅüatt lüẅo ve, ru lyöge lüweusht zoren sari.
Shele shulẅo shöẅü-at=t lüẅo ve, ru lyöge lüwe-ush=t zoren sari.
if wind blow-IPFV=DIR south ABL then city smell-HAB=DIR flower-PL SIM
‘If the wind blows from the south, the city smells of flowers.’

(145) Shele liny rulbelyate ledöatt, ru lyan nareusht maẅi lyate le lu.
Shele liny rulbelyate ledö-at=t, ru lyan nare-ush=t maẅi lyate le lu.
if two maternal.house consent-IPFV=DIR then partner-PL dwell-HAB=DIR other house LOC POSS
‘If both houses agree, the couple may live in another house.’

10.9 Nobody and nothing

Khélai has no words for “nobody” or “nothing”. It says “there is no person who …”, “there is no thing that …”. When the person is the subject anyway, ne before the verb is enough: Lira ne lyöpe-ush=t rathido vrashe shi “Nobody gains standing by revenge”.

(146) Lira ne thiatt ke faleatt yonyulede ko sey sari.
Lira ne thi-at=t ke fale-at=t yonyule-de ko sey sari.
person NEG exist-IPFV=DIR REL know-IPFV=DIR lane-GEN tradition 3AN SIM
‘Nobody knows the history of the street as she does.’

(147) So ne thiatt ke lüweatt lyöre sari.
So ne thi-at=t ke lüwe-at=t lyöre sari.
3IN NEG exist-IPFV=DIR REL smell-IPFV=DIR Opal.Mead SIM
‘Nothing smells like opal mead.’

10.10 Topic and focus

shey puts a topic in front of the sentence. A pronoun then takes its place inside. kom follows a word that is picked out against others, much as English stresses a word. A focused phrase may be moved to the front of the clause. A phrase of place or time moved there is followed by a comma.

(148) Sulo shey, so lureatt yonyule le.
Sulo shey, so lure-at=t yonyule le.
moon TOP 3IN shine-IPFV=DIR lane LOC
‘As for the moon, it is shining in the narrow lane.’

(149) Lyöti kom dörothat sa wu.
Lyöti kom döro-tha=t sa wu.
Lyöti FOC bake-PFV=DIR this bread
‘It was Lyöti who baked this bread.’

(150) Sa yonyule le kom, öman ödhüusht nyülyu.
Sa yonyule le kom, öman ödhü-ush=t nyülyu.
this lane LOC FOC merchant-PL sell-HAB=DIR honey
‘It is in this lane that the merchants sell honey.’

10.11 Adjectives after the verb

A few adjectives of size, length and speed can follow the verb phrase and say how something is done: rori “long”, miri “little”, muwi “slow”. Other adjectives are not used in this way.

(151) Ulyi rali pireatt muwi.
Ulyi rali pire-at=t muwi.
senior mammoth travel-IPFV=DIR slow
‘The old mammoth walks slowly.’

(152) Lisha thenathat soreyu le rori.
Lisha thena-tha=t soreyu le rori.
Lisha wait-PFV=DIR sanctuary.gate LOC long
‘Lisha waited a long time at the sanctuary gate.’

10.12 What a thing is made of

The ablative ve “from” also names the material a thing is made of.

(153) Sa lare vomethaut labo ve.
Sa lare vome-tha-u=t labo ve.
this kite make-PFV-PASS=DIR paper ABL
‘This kite was made of paper.’

(154) Nimu vlethaut lyuwe fülbu ve.
Nimu vle-tha-u=t lyuwe fülbu ve.
guest.cloth weave-PFV-PASS=DIR red wool ABL
‘The guest-cloth was woven of red wool.’

11. Household law

The law of the maternal houses is spoken in the habitual, because it describes what is always done.

(166) Pölyi örlyeusht seyde rulbelyate, rulbehulyo na anyeshölyu sözhewi ve.
Pölyi örlye-ush=t sey-de rulbelyate, rulbehulyo na anyeshölyu sözhewi ve.
child receive-HAB=DIR 3AN-GEN maternal.house house.name and property mother ABL
‘A child receives house, house name and property from the mother.’

(167) Shele liny rulbelyate ledöatt, ru lyan nareusht maẅi lyate le lu.
Shele liny rulbelyate ledö-at=t, ru lyan nare-ush=t maẅi lyate le lu.
if two maternal.house consent-IPFV=DIR then partner-PL dwell-HAB=DIR other house LOC POSS
‘If both houses agree, the couple may live in another house.’

(168) Shele lira lenuatt pöẅu lyanmu le, ru sey dhaleusht sode dösu vene ẅöru ta.
Shele lira lenu-at=t pöẅu lyanmu le, ru sey dhale-ush=t so-de dösu vene ẅöru ta.
if person buy-IPFV=DIR jar market LOC then 3AN pay-HAB=DIR 3IN-GEN price before evening NEC
‘If someone buys a jar in the market, she must pay its price before the evening watch.’

12. Keeping a topic going

Once something has been named, a writer can keep it in view with pronouns over several clauses without naming it again, so long as nothing else of the same class comes in between.

(173) Sokide lyalli zeythat vöwo; sey tumethat so; sey ẅekothat seyde nyon; na sey shikothat.
Soki-de lyalli zey-tha=t vöwo; sey tume-tha=t so; sey ẅeko-tha=t sey-de nyon; na sey shiko-tha=t.
Soki-GEN hatchling see-PFV=DIR swing 3AN climb-PFV=DIR 3IN 3AN wave-PFV=DIR 3AN-GEN wing-PL and 3AN laugh-PFV=DIR
‘Soki’s hatchling saw the swing; she climbed onto it; she waved her wings; and she laughed.’

13. Rarer grammatical forms

13.1 Like and is

A simile uses sari “like”. A metaphor uses the copula e, usually with the assumptive =r:

(174) Ulyi rali yöpüatt lyüshu le üno sari.
Ulyi rali yöpü-at=t lyüshu le üno sari.
senior mammoth stand-IPFV=DIR grass LOC hill SIM
‘The old mammoth stands in the grass like a hill.’

(175) Sulover lilyẅe.
Sulo-v-e=r lilyẅe.
moon-LINK-COP=ASSUM path
‘The moon might be a road.’

(176) Sulover fe.
Sulo-v-e=r fe.
moon-LINK-COP=ASSUM cup
‘The moon might be a cup.’

13.2 Images: -lye

-lye makes a noun for the image of something: a reflection, a likeness, or what is left of a sound or a touch. sulolye is the moon seen in water, tönolye the sound of a bell after it has been struck, and nyöẅolye the warmth still felt after a hand has been taken away.

(177) Sulo ne thiatt lyafüru le.
Sulo ne thi-at=t lyafüru le.
moon NEG exist-IPFV=DIR sky LOC
‘There is no moon in the sky.’

(178) Sulolye thiatt wese le.
Sulolye thi-at=t wese le.
moon.image exist-IPFV=DIR water LOC
‘The moon’s image is in the water.’

(179) Lyöti zeythat vüwulye weseenyite le.
Lyöti zey-tha=t vüwulye weseenyite le.
Lyöti see-PFV=DIR rainbow.image canal LOC
‘Lyöti saw the rainbow’s image in the canal.’

(180) Nyöẅo lowiatt nimu le.
Nyöẅo lowi-at=t nimu le.
warmth stay-IPFV=DIR guest.cloth LOC
‘Warmth stays in the guest-cloth.’

(181) Töno tizethat; tönolye lowiatt.
Töno tize-tha=t; tönolye lowi-at=t.
bell sing-PFV=DIR after-sound stay-IPFV=DIR
‘The bell rang; its note hangs on.’

(182) Wöwo lowiatt fe le.
Wöwo lowi-at=t fe le.
steam stay-IPFV=DIR cup LOC
‘Steam hangs over the cup.’

(183) Malo lowiatt sore le.
Malo lowi-at=t sore le.
incense stay-IPFV=DIR sanctuary LOC
‘The smell of resin stays in the sanctuary.’

13.3 Persons: -ya

-ya turns a thing into a person for the length of a poem or a story. The new noun is animate and is taken up by sey.

(184) Weseya zeyatr lyöge.
Weseya zey-at=r lyöge.
water.PERS see-IPFV=ASSUM city
‘The water, like a person, may be watching the city.’

(185) Ẅöru le, shulẅoya küköatr ẅizhu le, na sey löbiatr lyamu.
Ẅöru le, shulẅoya kükö-at=r ẅizhu le, na sey löbi-at=r lyamu.
evening LOC wind.PERS knock-IPFV=ASSUM lattice.window LOC and 3AN ask-IPFV=ASSUM mat
‘In the evening, the Wind knocks at the window, it seems, and asks for a mat.’

13.4 Reduplication

A verb can repeat the start of its first syllable to show that something happens in small, repeated touches: lure “shine”, lu-lure “flicker”; nöre “fade”, nö-nöre “fade little by little”. It is found mostly in poems, fairytales and other childlike language.

(186) Büre le, fare lulureatt.
Büre le, fare lu-lure-at=t.
hearth LOC fire RED-shine-IPFV=DIR
‘In the hearth the fire flickers.’

(187) Wüne nönöreatt salyu le.
Wüne nö-nöre-at=t salyu le.
dew.bead RED-fade-IPFV=DIR sun LOC
‘The dew is fading, little by little, in the sun.’

13.5 Yes and no

Songs may set a negative clause beside a positive one with the same subject. A refrain repeats a whole clause.

(188) Lyalli ne örethat üre; sey örethat pötho.
Lyalli ne öre-tha=t üre; sey öre-tha=t pötho.
hatchling NEG eat-PFV=DIR soup 3AN eat-PFV=DIR steamed.cake
‘The hatchling did not eat the soup; she ate the steamed cake.’

(189) Ophalrhan, pireim nayan dho.
Ophalrhan, pire-im nayan dho.
Ophalrhan travel-IMP 1PL COM
‘Ophalrhan, travel with us.’

(190) Threim pölyin.
Thre-im pölyin.
protect-IMP child-PL
‘Keep the children safe.’

13.6 The point of view in a passage

Because every clause has an evidential, a narrator can move from what she saw to what she supposes or has been told without saying so in separate words. In the four sentences below she sees a caravan, supposes that the mammoths are tired, and repeats what she has heard about the snow.

(191) Ẅöru le, nay zeythat blöko nolyuẅo le.
Ẅöru le, nay zey-tha=t blöko nolyuẅo le.
evening LOC 1SG see-PFV=DIR caravan bridge LOC
‘In the evening, I saw a caravan on the bridge.’

(192) Blöko pirethat lyanmu ve möge ra.
Blöko pire-tha=t lyanmu ve möge ra.
caravan travel-PFV=DIR market ABL north ALL
‘The caravan went from the market towards the north.’

(193) Ralin nar löpi.
Ralin na=r löpi.
mammoth-PL ATTR=ASSUM tired
‘The mammoths will be tired.’

13.7 Festivals

A habitual verb describes what is done at a festival every year; an imperfective describes one festival while it is going on.

(194) Ithode dhu le, loyi rulbelyate dörousht pötho, na pölyin öreusht son nolyuẅon le.
Itho-de dhu le, loyi rulbelyate döro-ush=t pötho, na pölyin öre-ush=t son nolyuẅon le.
festival-GEN night LOC every maternal.house bake-HAB=DIR steamed.cake and child-PL eat-HAB=DIR 3IN.PL bridge-PL LOC
‘On the night of the festival, every maternal house bakes a steamed cake, and the children eat them on the bridges.’

(195) Kipen nat vöyi, sinon siwüatt, na ulyi nenan lyonyaatt muwi lyonyate.
Kipen na=t vöyi, sinon siwü-at=t, na ulyi nenan lyonya-at=t muwi lyonyate.
drum-PL ATTR=DIR loud flute-PL whistle-IPFV=DIR and senior woman-PL dance-IPFV=DIR slow dance
‘The drums are loud, the flutes are whistling, and the old women are dancing a slow dance.’

14. Ways of speaking

14.1 In prayer

A prayer addresses a goddess in the imperative, the form used to ask a neighbour for something. The goddess is named first.

(196) Ophalrhan, threim Sokide lyalli möto le.
Ophalrhan, thre-im Soki-de lyalli möto le.
Ophalrhan protect-IMP Soki-GEN hatchling road LOC
‘Ophalrhan, keep Soki’s hatchling safe on the road.’

(197) Lyölulen Ophalrhan.
Lyölu-l-e=n Ophalrhan.
river.shell-LINK-COP=REP Ophalrhan
‘The river shell is Ophalrhan, so they say.’

14.2 The Phong

The Phong play games with words and with things. Hyperboreans often cannot tell whether a Phong is joking. The Phong have the ability to predict the future through symbolic play. This ability is far from perfect. They also like playing for its own sake.

(198) Fonga nayiusht lyave ẅiwen nye, danthousht lyilye dho, minausht wipudelenyu dho seyde miya sari, na gelen so löbiusht lüyede gihufüme.
Fonga nayi-ush=t lyave ẅiwen nye, dantho-ush=t lyilye dho, mina-ush=t wipu-de-l-enyu dho sey-de miya sari, na gelen so löbi-ush=t lüye-de gihufüme.
Phong give-HAB=DIR voice pebble-PL DAT dispute-HAB=DIR doorway COM speak-HAB=DIR reed-GEN-LINK-boat COM 3AN-GEN grandmother SIM and after 3IN ask-HAB=DIR morning-GEN grain.cake
‘A Phong gives voices to pebbles, argues with a doorway, talks to a reed boat as if it were her grandmother, and then asks for her breakfast.’

(199) Liny fonga vomeusht fe dela zhizhate le lu; seyan danthoushelyt the hal renyüdhör sey nye, na seyan pireushivt sey enyite le, vaẅu le.
Liny fonga vome-ush=t fe dela zhizhate le lu; seyan dantho-ush-ely=t the hal re=nyüdhö=r sey nye, na seyan pire-ush-iv=t sey enyite le, vaẅu le.
two Phong make-HAB=DIR cup monarch game LOC POSS 3AN.PL dispute-HAB-RECP=DIR COMP who PROSP=serve=ASSUM 3AN DAT and 3AN.PL travel-HAB-CAUS=DIR 3AN canal LOC leaf LOC
‘Two Phong may make a cup a monarch in a game; they argue about who is to serve her, and they send her down a canal on a leaf.’

(200) Pölyin shikoatt.
Pölyin shiko-at=t.
child-PL laugh-IPFV=DIR
‘The children laugh.’

(201) Fongali shikoatt.
Fongali shiko-at=t.
Phong.priest laugh-IPFV=DIR
‘The Phong priest laughs.’

14.3 At home

At home people speak in short sentences, and evidentials may be left out. When one is used it is usually =t:

(202) “Hal blethat ẅizhu?” “Shulẅo kom blethat so.”
“Hal ble-tha=t ẅizhu?” “Shulẅo kom ble-tha=t so.”
who open-PFV=DIR lattice.window wind FOC open-PFV=DIR 3IN
‘“Who opened the window?” “It was the wind that opened it.”’

(203) Ne zezhiim lyüẅi!
Ne zezhi-im lyüẅi!
NEG tease-IMP dog
‘Don’t tease the dog!’

(204) Ulyi nena siwüthat, na lyüẅi levöthat sey ra.
Ulyi nena siwü-tha=t, na lyüẅi levö-tha=t sey ra.
senior woman whistle-PFV=DIR and dog come-PFV=DIR 3AN ALL
‘The old woman whistled, and the dog came to her.’

(205) Karasözhewin shikothat.
Karasözhewi-n shiko-tha=t.
clan.mother-PL laugh-PFV=DIR
‘The clan mothers burst out laughing.’

15. Some sound changes

15.1 From Proto–Hyperborean (ʃir) to Khélai

Khélai descends from Proto-Hyperborean (ʃir), the language of the people who came down in the Ark. Most of the changes are regular. The ejective stops became plain stops, the glottal stop was lost, x became h, the central vowels moved forward, and l, n and z before j became the palatal sounds ly, ny and zh. u and o next to palatal sounds became ü and ö, which is why so many Khélai words have them. Consonants lost at the ends of words left behind the linkers of Chapter 8.

Proto-ʃir	Khélai	Meaning	Change
prakan	prage (N)	Ark	k between vowels became g; the final n was lost but comes back as the N-linker, and the word took the ending -e
vom	vome	make	a vowel was added to the root
zej	zey	see	the final j stayed, written y
pir, fal	pire, fale	travel, know	the same
xal	hal	who	x became h
xa	ha	eleven	x became h
muʃ	mush	what	regular; ʃ is written sh
preɲ	preny	how many	regular; ɲ is written ny
-ux	-u	passive suffix	x became h, and the final h was then lost

15.2 From Khélai to Toukanta

Toukanta, or Southern Cant, is a later language of the south. In Toukanta a final y became the second half of a diphthong, stressed e and u broke into two vowels, th and dh became s and z, h was lost, and so were most stops and fricatives at the ends of syllables, though nasals and liquids stayed. The evidentials became suffixes on the verb, and the linkers grew into a larger system that also tracks a change of subject.

Khélai	Toukanta	Meaning
nay	nai	I
sey	sei	she, he
day	dai	but
vey	vei	or
mena	məina	because
gelen	gəilən	after
vene	vəinə	before
ru	ɾou	then
nure	nouɾə	while

Abbreviations

Gloss	Meaning
1SG, 1PL	I, we
2SG, 2PL	you
3AN, 3AN.PL	she, he, they (animate)
3IN, 3IN.PL	it, they (inanimate)
ABL	ablative ve “from”
ALL	allative ra “to”
ASSUM	assumptive =r
ATTR	attributive copula na
CAUS	causative -iv
COM	comitative dho “with”
COMP	complementiser the “that”
COMPL	completive -omp
COP	copula e after a linker
DAT	dative nye “to, for”
DIR	direct evidential =t
EQU	equational copula e
FOC	focus kom
GEN	genitive -de
HAB	habitual -ush
IMP	imperative -im
INCEP	inceptive -isk
INFER	inferential =s
INS	instrumental shi
IPFV	imperfective -at
LINK	linker -l-, -n-, -v-, -k-
LOC	locative le
NEC	necessity ta
NEG	negative ne
ORD	ordinal -ri
PASS	passive -u
PERS	person-making -ya
PFV	perfective -tha
PL	plural -n
POSS	possibility lu
PROSP	prospective re=
RECP	reciprocal -ely
RED	repeated first syllable
REFL	reflexive -om
REL	relative ke
REP	reportative =n
RES	resultative me=
SIM	sari “like”
SS.SEQ	same subject, one after the other =l=
SS.SIM	same subject, at the same time =r=
TOP	topic shey
VOL	volitional the “wants to”

Ho karade lin södhethan Nözibevo ẅeshi lyeyon le.
The priests of the six clans are said to have written the Sign-Book over many years.

Loyi nözibede melyo, nöbu na söẅewösre thiatt so le.
Each omen has its name, its sign and its judgment.

Rulbede lablörlordhülo na fösite, Matrilineal law

Kara, anyeshölyu na melyo pireusht sözhewin ve pölyin ra.
Clan, property and name pass from mothers to children.

Dödhewu nayiusht waslyengülyuren ewöran nye, na so zhönyüusht son röli.
The council gives mandates to officeholders, and it takes them back again.

Ewöra ne dhömgüusht; sey nyüdhöusht rulbelyaten.
An officeholder does not rule; she serves the maternal houses.

Nözibe ne vomeusht tru dela, na so ne nayiusht pölyin yerüẅun nye.
An omen does not make anyone a monarch, and it does not hand children over to strangers.

Pölyi ne örlyeusht nözibede kuhite; rulbelyate mürvuusht sey.
A child does not take the blame for an omen; the maternal house brings her up.

1. Lyafürude nöbun, Signs of the sky

001 sulofarle, The Crowned Moon

Shele sulo daslyeatt farle dho,
If the moon rises with a halo,

ru ulyi rulbelyate relyöper rathido dödhewu le; so reẅepüdher sode thepabe karasözhewin nye ta.
then the senior maternal house will gain precedence in the council; it must proclaim its claim to the clan mothers.

002 lüyege, The Morning Shadow

Shele salyude yilo thiatt lüye le,
If the sun is darkened in the morning watch,

ru röpti rulbelyatede ryofridhotivlashe hesüatur; karasözhewin revirer dödhewu le ta, na seyan renyölyar lyesa ta.
then the succession of a great maternal house is under threat; the clan mothers must meet in council and choose a successor.

003 ẅörunyomru, The Evening Plague

Shele salyude yilo thiatt ẅöru le,
If the sun is darkened in the evening watch,

ru nyomru rehesür lyögen; rulbelyaten rebler wöẅon höwi liran nye na lyatenali liran nye ta.
then plague will threaten the towns; the maternal houses must open their storehouses to the sick and the homeless.

004 silyfleyilo, The Wrong-Way Dark

Shele yilode ge pireatt üde ve zöku ra,
If the shadow of the darkening moves from east to west,

ru röpti zazhute rehesür lyögen; ho kara revomer pleunen na lyüshe gihu ta.
then a great flood will threaten the towns; the six clans must make places of shelter and a common store of grain.

005 nyoshpeyofuyoru, The Obscured Heart

Shele yilo freiskt salyu yoru ve,
If the dark begins to hide the sun from its centre outward,

ru dödhewude ulyi karasözhewi regöror vey rezhamur seyde waslyengülyure lu; Tiriyade luẅidhete le, Tyre hesüatur.
then the senior clan mother of the council may die or lose her mandate; in the Tyrian reading, Tyre itself is in danger.

006 lyoyililyẅe, The Raven’s Path

Shele lyoyide saro levöthat salyude lilyẅe ra,
If the Raven Star reaches the path of the sun,

ru ünede dösu rezheẅür na öman redikrar; lyanmupulyan reminar so karade dödhewun nye ta.
then prices will fall and the merchants will protest; the market keepers must tell the clan councils.

007 zelyotumunto, The Yoke Ascendant

Shele zelyode saro yöpüatt lyafürude blüẅo le,
If the Yoke Star stands high in the sky,

ru rünye reözher; rulbelyaten remazhir nupen na rehinyöẅer bilye gihu ta.
then the harvest will grow; the maternal houses must keep back seed and share out the grain that is left over.

008 lyalyusaro, The Right-Hand Star

Shele saro zöẅithat sulode lyalyu ve sulode ẅölyo ra,
If a star flashes from the right of the moon to its left,

ru lipode pirete nar löyi; day karasözhewin remeẅir sode ẅeli ta.
then the war expedition has good signs; but the clan mothers must appoint its captain.

009 ẅölyosaro, The Left-Hand Star

Shele saro zöẅithat sulode ẅölyo ve sulode lyalyu ra,
If a star flashes from the left of the moon to its right,

ru lipode pirete nar kuhi; karasözhewin rezhönyür sode ẅeli ta.
then the expedition has bad signs; the clan mothers must recall its captain.

010 woshwuyölinöbu, The Cloud-Lion

Shele woshwu thiatt yöli sari lyafüru le,
If a cloud stands in the sky like a lion,

ru elwi rulbelyate reyeyür bilye külyebüẅun lyüshe liran ve; maẅi rulbelyaten relyüsör so ta.
then a strong maternal house will take too much in levies from the common people; the other houses must look into it.

Note: A “lion” resembles a terror bird.

011 woshwuralinöbu, The Cloud-Mammoth

Shele woshwu thiatt rali sari lyafüru le,
If a cloud stands in the sky like a mammoth,

ru züyi rulbelyate redanthor rathido dödhewu le; dödhewu rerüẅör thepabe honute le ta.
then a rival maternal house will dispute precedence in the council; the council must settle the claim at a hearing.

012 lyuwelyalydhu, The Red Dust

Shele lyuwelyalydhu daslyeatt üde le,
If red dust rises in the east,

ru lipo rehesür linylode rulbelyaten; karasözhewin revaner renyitede dödhewu ta.
then fighting will threaten the allied houses; the clan mothers must call a council of reconciliation.

013 lyatkulyalydhu, The White Dust

Shele lyatkulyalydhu daslyeatt,
If white dust rises,

ru rünye na zefu hesüatur; rulbelyaten relühar gihu wöẅon ve lyüri lyaten nye ta.
then the harvest and the silver are under threat; the maternal houses must give grain from the storehouses to poor households.

014 piyulaye, Winter Thunder

Shele laye honuatut piyu le,
If thunder is heard in winter,

ru dödhewude kozisheya renunzhor dödhewu lu; sözhewin reyeyür lyüshe fösite ta.
then a council’s entrusted speaker may betray it; the mothers must demand testimony in public.

015 linyfarle, The Double Halo

Shele liny farle thiatt salyu le,
If the sun has two halos,

ru liny rulbelyate redanthor tru dödhewude melyo; dödhewu ne reörlyer thepabe ta, shele karasözhewin ne ledöthar.
then two maternal houses will dispute one council title; the council must not accept a claim the clan mothers have not consented to.

016 blüẅoẅörusaro, The High Evening Star

Shele ẅörude saro yöpüatt blüẅo le,
If the evening star stands high,

ru lyüte, eslute na linylon reözher; day lipo remoler dödhewude söẅewösre le.
then love, births and alliances will increase; but war stays a matter for the council’s judgment.

017 silyflelyuwesaro, The Reversing Red Star

Shele lyuwesaro thowuatt,
If the red star turns back,

ru köẅi linylode rulbelyaten rezhönyür sonde ledöte lu, na fare repirer vörlude lyizen le lu.
then distant allied houses may withdraw their consent, and fire may spread through the border fields.

018 liresulo, The Missing Moon

Shele sulo ne zeyatut truri efo le,
If the moon is not seen on the first day,

ru karade vöran nar ẅüyi; rulbelyaten relyöneyör na rezarer renyite ta.
then the goddesses of the clans are angry; the maternal houses must mourn and seek reconciliation.

019 nalyodhu, The Bright Night

Shele nalyo thiatt dhu le,
If there is a brightness in the night,

ru dödhewu refaler ewörade vey rulbepulyade lümi tüvifemfo.
then the council will learn of hidden misuse of office by an officeholder or a keeper of a lineage.

020 lyögeyadübe, City Starfall

Shele yadüben dhuleatt lyöge le,
If stars fall around the city,

ru lyögede zushan renunzhor seyande waslyengülyure lu; sözhewin relyüsör seyande ẅelide lyönemthrithanyo ta.
then the city guards may betray their mandate; the mothers must examine the appointment of their captain.

2. Thare na lyögede nöbun, Signs of the land and the city

021 blüẅolyöge, The High City

Shele lyöge ke thiatt üno le lureatt dhu le,
If a city on a hill shines at night,

ru lyöge relyöper rathido maẅi lyögen dho; day rulbelyaten revomer so lyülelyumon shi ta.
then the city will gain standing among other cities; but the houses must win it by agreements.

022 woyu, The Silent Gate

Shele lyögede yu ne nükeatt,
If the city gate does not creak,

ru üne redüvyör; lyögede sözhewin reniper blökomöton na rethrer lyüri lyaten ta.
then trade will fail; the city’s mothers must mend the caravan roads and protect the poor households.

023 linnyogömiye, The Weeping Wall

Shele linnyo thiiskt gömiye le,
If tears begin to show on the wall,

ru thile na pawu relevör; rulbelyaten revomer gihu na pleunen ta.
then siege and grief are coming; the maternal houses must make ready grain and shelter.

024 lüẅewürlye, The Fungus Crown

Shele lüẅe olyiatt kelythodödhewude nyimu le,
If fungus grows on the roof of the imperial assembly,

ru elwi rulbelyatede söẅewösre memokör; maẅi rulbelyaten revaner lyüsöte ta.
then the judgment of a powerful maternal house has gone rotten; the other houses must call an inquiry.

025 wolyireyo, The Owl’s Court

Shele wolyi nareatt sovarande reyo le,
If an owl lives in the ancestors’ archive,

ru tru sovarande lyu redüẅur rulbede thepabe vey resrer lümi ryofridhotivlashe.
then a record of the ancestors will change a lineage’s claim or bring a hidden succession to light.

026 yüẅulyebüre, The Broken Hearth

Shele zhorenyade büre zheyuthat lathi,
If the smith’s hearth goes cold,

ru tharo rezhamur sode zhoren lipo le lu; sözhewin redönyer lipode pirete röli ta.
then the army may lose its swords in battle; the mothers must judge the war expedition again.

027 lyuwilyilye, The Snake’s Path

Shele lyuwi pirethat lyilye ve lyate ra,
If a snake goes over the threshold into the house,

ru ẅözha meedhür dödhewude ralyi minate ra.
then a spy has got into the council’s secret talks.

028 linyge, The Double Shadow

Shele tru lirade liny ge thiatt lyöẅe le,
If one person has two shadows at noon,

ru seyde kara nyaneatur; rulbelyate relyüsör sa nözibe ta, vene dödhewu dönyeatr.
then their clan is divided; the maternal house must look into the omen before the council gives judgment.

029 plonlyenyenyo, The Bloody Well

Shele nyenyode wese zheyuthat lyuwe,
If the water of a well turns red,

ru tharo retawur lyöge lu; rulbelyaten rethrer na rehinyöẅer lyüshe gihu ta.
then an army may attack the city; the maternal houses must guard the common grain and share it out.

030 lerulyüẅinöbu, The Ghost Dog

Shele lyüẅi zohiatt yonyule le, day lira ne thiatt so le,
If a dog barks in a lane where there is no one,

ru nyomrude lerun thiatr lyöge le; rulbelyaten rethrer höwi liran zane shi na rüfete shi ta.
then plague spirits are in the city; the maternal houses must protect the sick with prayer and with healing.

031 tohtethululethünshe, The Reversed River

Shele tohtethu pireatt ithire ra,
If a river flows back toward the mountains,

ru wesede lablörlordhülo medüẅur; züyi rulbelyaten revomer eyi vörlulyülelyumon ta.
then the law of the waters has changed; rival maternal houses must make new boundary agreements.

032 nyöyolyize, The Salted Field

Shele nyöyo thiatt lyize le,
If there is salt in a field,

ru rünye hesüatur; sözhewin rethrer nupen ta, eyi zamu nye.
then the harvest is under threat; the mothers must protect the seed for the new season.

033 nolyulöle, The Stone Birth

Shele nolyu thiatt eyi pölyide nyilo le,
If there is a stone in a newborn’s cradle,

ru pölyi rezheyur elwi; rulbelyate relutrir sey ta.
then the child will grow strong; the maternal house must teach her.

034 lyulalyüẅallyu, The Fox’s Laugh

Shele lyula shikoatt rumen le,
If a fox laughs among the ruins,

ru liran reavör lyöge, na gize reedhür so.
then the people will leave the city, and the forest will come into it.

035 lyorulyanmu, The Empty Market

Shele lyanmupevun düvyöthat, day shulẅo ne thiatt,
If market stalls fall down when there is no wind,

ru lyanmude lyülelyumo redüvyör lu; dödhewun relyüsör lyinyen, zuken na lyüshe wöẅon ta.
then the market agreement may fail; the councils must examine the weights, the debts and the common storehouses.

036 liẅalipo, The Birds of War

Shele liẅan vigaatt shilyenyo shi dödhewulyate le,
If birds fly in a formation over the council house,

ru lipode dödhewu revirer sa efo le ta; ẅeli ne repirer ta, shele karasözhewin ne rövethar.
then the war council must meet that very day; no captain may march unless the clan mothers have allowed it.

037 liẅapölyso, The Birds of Peace

Shele liẅan vigaatt sloregi möto le ẅölyo ra,
If birds fly in a circle toward the left,

ru karasözhewin repireivr zan ta, na reher seyande lipode ẅelin ta.
then the clan mothers must send negotiators and hold back their war captains.

038 lyüleyölne, The Black Mould

Shele lyüleyölne nümuatt mögede gömiye,
If black mould covers the north wall,

ru tru rulbe ne nyüdhöthar sovaran; sode rulbelyate renayir wündhelso ta.
then a lineage has failed in its duty to the ancestors; its maternal house must make amends.

039 lyatkuyölne, The White Mould

Shele lyatkuyölne nümuatt lüẅode gömiye,
If white mould covers the south wall,

ru lerun nar lali; löyi efon relevör.
then the spirits are at peace; good days will come.

040 rolelolu, The Cracking Tower

Shele lolu shotethat blüẅo ve thare ra,
If a tower cracks from top to ground,

ru eli lin reükör ulyi linde söẅewösren; sorepulyan revirer honute le ta.
then younger priests will object to the rulings of the senior priests; the sanctuary custodians must meet for a hearing.

041 rabulyaso, The Whispering Floor

Shele lyaso nükeusht dhu le,
If the floor creaks over and over at night,

ru lerun lyonyaatr; li relyuver son ta.
then ghosts are dancing; a priest must drive them out.

042 lyebuyöẅo, The Lost Key

Shele lyögede yöẅo zhamuthaut,
If the city key is lost,

ru tru yupulya menunzhor tru rulbelyate; sözhewin relyüsör yun na sonde zushan ta.
then a keeper of the gates has betrayed a maternal house; the mothers must examine the gates and their guards.

043 ẅölyterulyo, The Found Coin

Shele shayödi rulyo giyethaut yonyule le,
If an ancient coin is found in a lane,

ru lyözo ke liran methar rethowur tru rulbe ra; sözhewin renöder sovarande thepabe ta.
then wealth that people had forgotten will return to a lineage; the mothers must test the ancestral claim.

044 yerüẅusolyu, The Stranger’s Face

Shele yerüẅude solyu et tru kozisheyade solyu,
If a stranger’s face is the face of an entrusted speaker,

ru kisothara zareatr kozisheyade melyo vey waslyengülyure.
then a pretender is after the title or the mandate of that speaker.

045 nyölyyonürlo, The Dry Fountain

Shele lyüshe nürlo zheyuthat nyölyyo,
If a public fountain runs dry,

ru Ophalrhan meavör wesepulyan; Ophalrhande sözhewin redivar eyitede zanen ta.
then Ophalrhan has left the water keepers; the Ophalrhan mothers must lead the prayers of renewal.

046 helyuẅösro, The Overflowing Cup

Shele wese avöatt ẅösro ve, day lira ne lyödethat so,
If water spills from a cup that no one has filled,

ru lyözo relevör; day liran renekrur nyüvlu ta.
then plenty will come; but people must beware of drunkenness.

047 yüẅulyebo, The Broken Mirror

Shele bo shotethat, day lira ne ranüthat so,
If a mirror cracks when no one has touched it,

ru karade lyaẅo mefrerur; rulbelyate rezarer renyite ta, vene so dönyeatr.
then a bond of kinship has broken; the maternal house must seek reconciliation before it gives any judgment.

048 yelyiẅeleyo, The Unseen Knocker

Shele leyo honuatut yu le, day lira ne thiatt yu le,
If there is knocking at the gate and no one is there,

ru göle thenaatr yu le.
then death is waiting at the gate.

049 nyeyiruẅeyanöbu, The Swarming Ants

Shele ẅeyade nyeyiru thiatt dödhewulyate le,
If a swarm of ants is in the council house,

ru dödhewude ulyi rulbelyatede züyin nar ẅeshi; day seyan nar löni.
then the leading maternal house of the council has many rivals; but they are weak.

050 dölyelilanöbu, The Lone Wolf

Shele tru lila edhüthat lyöge ra,
If a single wolf comes into the city,

ru röpti yerüẅu melevör; karasözhewin redhöshar yerüẅude nyüdhöten na thepaben ta.
then a stranger of great weight has arrived; the clan mothers must decide what the stranger owes and what the stranger may claim.

051 yadübelyate, The Falling Star (Urban)

Shele saro dhulethat tru lyate ra,
If a star falls on a house,

ru sa rulbelyate redüvyör vey relyöper röpti rathido; sode pulyan rezarer maẅi luẅidhete ta.
then that maternal house will either fall or rise to great standing; its keepers must seek a further reading.

052 kölyelyafüru, The Green Sky

Shele lyafüru zheyuthat kölye ẅöru le,
If the sky turns green at sunset,

ru elwi nelyshun relevör, vey lümi nöbu redhuler lyafüru ve.
then great storms will come, or something hidden will fall from the sky.

053 lyuwetohtethu, The Red River

Shele tohtethu zheyuthat lyuwe,
If a river turns red,

ru lipo vey nyomru thiatr ithire le.
then there is war or plague in the mountains.

054 mulyilulyasu, The Frozen Summer

Shele lyasu thiatt mulyilu le,
If there is frost in summer,

ru zamunde liye mefrerur; rulbelyaten rethrer gihu na wese ta, vene liye thowuatr.
then the round of the seasons is broken; the maternal houses must guard grain and water until the round returns.

055 yarunyenyo, The Boiling Well

Shele nyenyode wese satuatt,
If the water of a well boils,

ru fare pireatr thare le, vey leru thiatr nyenyo le.
then fire is moving under the ground, or a spirit is in the well.

056 thürnyunolyu, The Singing Stone

Shele nolyun tizeatt,
If stones hum,

ru thare zireiskr; so relyüthlur lu.
then the earth is beginning to wake; it may shake.

057 plonlyelinnyu, The Bleeding Tree

Shele linnyude ẅimu thiatt plonlye sari,
If the sap of a tree is like blood,

ru thare mediẅöur; rulbelyaten revomer lave ke dödhewu rövethar ta; lira ne reküzar ta, shele dödhewu ne rövethar.
then the land has been wounded; the maternal houses must make an offering the council has appointed, and no one may kill unless the council allows it.

058 nyiyolyülyẅanyu, The Sudden Fog

Shele lyülyẅanyu nümuatt lyöge lyöẅe le,
If fog covers the city at noon,

ru vöran freatr tru nöbu; liran rethenar ta.
then the goddesses are hiding a sign; people must wait.

059 liẅalyate, The Bird in the House

Shele tru liẅa vigathat lyate ra,
If a bird flies into a house,

ru lyösu relevör köẅi möto ve, na so relyonyur göle vey düẅute.
then news will come along a distant road, and it will bring a death or a change.

060 lüyilyönybo, The Rat King

Shele lüyinde nyörden meheut,
If rats are found with their tails tied together,

ru ralyi linylo na nyomru thiatr.
then there is a secret alliance, and plague.

3. Waflülimshu na lyilyede nöbun, Signs of the entrails and the threshold

061 linyyoru, The Double Heart

Shele liny yoru thiatt lave le,
If there are two hearts in the offering,

ru ulyi karasözhewi relütar rori; seyde rulbe reözher.
then a senior clan mother will live long, and her lineage will grow.

062 silyfleshalye, The Reversed Liver

Shele lavede shalye thiatt silyfle sari,
If the liver of the offering lies the wrong way round,

ru göle hesüatr tru nafi, tru rulöbade pölyi, vey tru kozisheya ke rulbe meẅithar.
then death threatens a mother’s brother, a sister’s child, or a speaker the lineage has appointed.

063 plonlyelyize, The Bleeding Field

Shele plonlye avöatt thare ve, nure liran reatt so,
If blood comes out of the soil while people are cutting into it,

ru moköte hesüatr thare; sözhewin rethrer rünyede dhavin ta, na relühar gihu lyaten nye ta.
then rot threatens the land; the mothers must protect the harvest workers and give grain to the households.

064 wolenyinöbu, The Silent Frog

Shele lenyi zeyatut, day sey ne gözhüatt,
If a frog is seen but does not croak,

ru wese rezheyur nyölyyo; tru gu regöror.
then the water will dry up; a stream will die.

065 raligo, The Dream of the Mammoth

Shele lira ürzethat rali,
If someone dreams of a mammoth,

ru sey rezheyur zanyümi na elwi.
then that person will become rich and strong.

066 yugo, The Dream of the Gate

Shele lira ürzethat yu ke bleatomt,
If someone dreams of a gate opening,

ru seyde üne reözher; sey repirer köẅi möton le.
then that person’s trade will grow; they will travel distant roads.

067 mövafeyilöle, The Birth of the Chimera

Shele pölyi esluthaut mövafeyide solyu dho,
If a child is born with the face of a chimera,

ru dödhewu relöbir lin ta; liran rethrer sözhewi na eyi pölyi ta; nözibe ne redamfur seyan ta.
then the council must ask the priests; people must protect the mother and the newborn; the omen must not punish them.

068 nyördepölyinöbu, The Child with a Tail

Shele eyi pölyide nyörde thiatt,
If a newborn has a tail,

ru dödhewude ulyi rulbelyatede waslyengülyure renörer lu; liran ne redhüpar eyi pölyi ta.
then the mandate of the council’s leading maternal house may fade; no one may blame the newborn.

069 lyüẅiyasre, The Dog in the Bed

Shele lyüẅi thiatt dhenyözhenprade yasre le,
If a dog is lying in an elder’s bed,

ru rulbelyatende linylo hesüatur; rulbede dhenyözhenpran rethrer sode liran ta.
then an alliance of households is under threat; the elders of the lineage must protect its people.

070 röyebo, The Falling Mirror

Shele bo dhulethat, day so ne freruthat,
If a mirror falls and does not break,

ru tru kozisheya renunzhor dödhewu lu; rulbelyaten rehonur fösite ta, vene seyan damfuatr.
then an entrusted speaker may betray a council; the houses must hear testimony before they punish anyone.

071 töblühunzhewese, The Water Stutter

Shele zhuro na wese virethaelyt, day son zufeompelyt,
If oil and water mix and then part completely,

ru lin mevirer liny nöbu; maẅi ẅayin redönyer sonde tharnyiyu röli ta.
then the priests have run two signs together; other witnesses must judge their prophecy again.

072 lyüledanyözane, The Black Liaison

Shele danyözane ne thithat kozisheyade rölyo le, nure sey pabiatt kelythode lablörlordhülo,
If the linking sound is missing from a speaker’s words while she reads out imperial law,

ru dödhewude lyülelyumo refrerur lu.
then the council’s compact may break.

073 silyfletohtethu, The Wrong-Way River

Shele tohtethu pireiskt ithire ra,
If a river begins to flow toward the mountains,

ru kelytho mezhamur vörande wuwe; sözhewin redönyer sode lyülelyumon röli ta.
then the empire has lost the favour of the goddesses; the mothers must judge its compacts again.

074 böẅenyfilyömo, The Phoenix Sighting

Shele lira zeythat böẅenyfi,
If someone sees the phoenix,

ru eyi yeyüthara redaslyer, na sey rezarer dödhewude melyo; dödhewun regöbir ryofridhotivlashe ke so ne rövethar ta.
then a new claimant will appear and seek a council title; the councils must refuse any succession they have not allowed.

075 woliru, The Silent Crowd

Shele röpti liru zheyuthat söfi,
If a great crowd falls silent,

ru rulbelyaten mevomer ralyi linylo lyüshe dödhewu ve.
then maternal houses have made a secret alliance away from the public council.

076 yüẅulyethore, The Broken Footprint

Shele thore zeyatut, day sode tru lizhu ne thiatt,
If a footprint is seen with one toe missing,

ru tru pirethara rezhamur seyde lyatede möto lu; seyde rulbelyate revomer thretede zanen sey nye ta.
then a traveller may lose the road home; her maternal house must say prayers of protection for her.

077 lyafüruthirye, The Sky-Shear

Shele fongan zeythan zekasi nöbu lyafüru le,
If the Phong are reported to have seen a strange sign in the sky,

ru matuklarunde selyu freruiskr.
then the veil of the other worlds is beginning to tear.

078 spöẅonyötoshilyenyo, The Breaker Pattern

Shele tru shilyenyo shoteatt ẅeshi shilyenyon ra, na loyi shilyenyo düvyöatt,
If a pattern splits into many patterns and every one of them falls apart,

ru kelythodödhewude dödhewun redüvyör lu; rulbelyaten retelyanler sonde nyüdhöte ta.
then the councils of the imperial assembly may fail together; the maternal houses must keep up their own duties.

079 lyörelyiso, The Opal Mead

Shele lyöre ne lülaatt wese le,
If Opal Mead will not dissolve in water,

ru linde waslyengülyure nöreatr; karasözhewin rehonur na relyüsör seyande thepaben ta.
then the priests’ authority is fading; the clan mothers must hear their claims and examine them.

080 salyupulnye, The Sun’s Tooth

Shele lyülemülyo thiatt salyu le,
If there is a small black spot on the sun,

ru ralyi liran wöniatr the seyan reküzar ulyi karasözhewi vey seyde kozisheya.
then people are secretly planning to kill a senior clan mother or her entrusted speaker.

081 paẅeẅule, The Twisted Cord

Shele eyi pölyide ẅule thiatt seyde nayu le,
If a newborn has the cord round its neck,

ru ẅeshi nariyande thepaben heatr pölyi; rulbelyate rerüẅör thepaben ta, na rethrer pölyi ta.
then the claims of many relatives bind the child; the maternal house must settle the claims and look after the child.

082 lyatkushalye, The White Liver

Shele lavede shalye zheyuthat lyatku,
If the liver of the offering turns pale,

ru gihude lire relevör thare le.
then there will be no grain in the land.

083 lyüleshalye, The Black Liver

Shele lavede shalye zheyuthat lyüle,
If the liver of the offering turns black,

ru nyomru vey Róskaïde ẅüyite relevör.
then plague will come, or the anger of Róskaï.

084 linylyürolyelanöbu, The Two-Headed Calf

Shele lyela esluthaut liny lyüro dho,
If a calf is born with two heads,

ru kelythodödhewu nyaneatur lu; sözhewin rezarer eyi pölysode lyülelyumo ta.
then the imperial assembly may split; the mothers must seek a new compact of peace.

085 lirelyürolöle, The Headless Birth

Shele pölyi esluthaut, day seyde lyüro ne thiatt,
If a child is born without a head,

ru ulyi rulbede ryofridhotivlashe hesüatur; dödhewu revomer so eyi ta.
then the succession of the senior lineage is under threat; the council must make it new.

086 rölyowaflülimshu, The Speaking Entrails

Shele yore honuatut lave ve,
If a sound is heard from the offering,

ru tru vöra nöyeatr rulbelyate ke lave mazhiatt; lin reminar so sözhewin nye ta.
then a goddess is warning the maternal house that keeps the offering; the priests must tell the mothers.

087 lyüẅallyudilyu, The Laughing Skull

Shele dilyu giyethaut, na so vögeatt,
If a skull is found and it is smiling,

ru sovaran shikoatr; kuhi efon relevör.
then the ancestors are laughing; bad days will come.

088 plonlyefiyasinu, The Bleeding Stone (Visceral)

Shele plonlye avöatt fiyasinu ve,
If blood comes out of the sacrificial stone,

ru vöra megöbir lave; sorepulyan relöbir rulbelyate ke rövethar so ta.
then the goddess has refused the offering; the sanctuary custodians must ask the maternal house that allowed it.

089 lirelerarẅöflu, The Missing Gallbladder

Shele lerarẅöflu ne thiatt lave le,
If there is no gallbladder in the offering,

ru tharo reörlyer yemnyi düvyöte; sözhewin redhöshar sode ẅelide waslyengülyure ta.
then the army will meet a bitter defeat; the mothers must decide on the mandate of its captain.

090 bilyesilyo, The Extra Limb

Shele pölyi esluthaut bilye silyo dho,
If a child is born with an extra limb,

ru liran rethrer pölyi ta; dödhewu relyüsör löle gewi ta; maẅi lirande wure nar blaki lu, na liran ne redamfur pölyi ta.
then people must look after the child; the council must look into the birth patiently; what others say about it may be false, and no one may punish the child.

091 lyuwiyazo, The Serpent in the Womb

Shele lyuwi thiatt lavede yazo le,
If there is a snake in the womb of the offering,

ru elwi leru edhüatr rulbe ra lu; liran rethrer sözhewi na eyi pölyi ta, vene lin luẅidheompr.
then a strong spirit may be entering the lineage; people must protect the mother and the newborn until the priests have finished their reading.

092 nolyuyoru, The Stone Heart

Shele lavede yoru zheyuthat nolyu,
If the heart of the offering has turned to stone,

ru tru ewöra mezhamur nesishne; karasözhewin renöyer sey vey rezhönyür sey ta.
then an officeholder has lost mercy; the clan mothers must warn her or recall her.

093 lyarlyulüru, The Blind Eye

Shele lyülyẅanyu thiatt lavede lüru le,
If there is a fog in the eye of the offering,

ru söẅewösre memokör; rulbede nipünyiyun rebler honuten röli ta, na remazhir fösite ta.
then judgment has gone rotten; the courts of the lineages must open their hearings again and keep the testimony.

094 lyüẅoyelyu, The Deaf Ear

Shele lavede yelyun nat zekasi,
If the ears of the offering are misshapen,

ru soren ne örlyethar tru thösüte; sorepulyan relyüsör zanen ta.
then the sanctuaries have failed to receive a petition; the sanctuary custodians must examine the prayers.

095 lyameraye, The Tongueless Mouth

Shele lizho ne thiatt lavede raye le,
If there is no tongue in the mouth of the offering,

ru liran fleatr lyüshe rölyo; sözhewin rethrer ẅayin na thösüte ta.
then public speech is being shut off; the mothers must protect witnesses and the right to petition.

096 tolyupölyinöbu, The Horned Child

Shele pölyi esluthaut tolyun dho,
If a child is born with horns,

ru pölyi rezheyur divathara lu; rulbelyate remürvur sey ta, na nözibe ne dhöshaatr seyde lyeyon.
then the child may become a leader; the maternal house must bring her up, and the omen does not decide her years.

097 lyafolörüre, The Scaled Skin

Shele lyafon thiatt eyi pölyide lörüre le,
If a newborn has scales on its skin,

ru nawi walude lümi lyaẅo thiatr sey le; liran relöbir fongan na numiyan ta, na liran ne redhüpar pölyi ta.
then there may be a hidden tie between the child and the deep ocean; people must ask the Phong and the Numi, and no one may blame the child.

098 yeyoplonlye, The Blue Blood

Shele lavede plonlye nat yeyo,
If the blood of the offering is blue,

ru ulyi rulbe hesüatur; sode nenan rethrer sode liran na revomer uyi ryofridhotivlashe ta.
then a senior lineage is under threat; its women must look after its people and make a lawful succession.

099 lyoruyazo, The Empty Womb

Shele lavede yazo nat lyoru,
If the womb of the offering is empty,

ru eyi rewose hesüatur; gihu, pleune na sözhewinde na pölyinde liyüthe reörlyer rathido ta.
then the next generation is under threat; food, shelter and care for mothers and children must come first.

4. Rölyo na matuklarunde nöbun, Signs of speech and of the other worlds

100 lyöẅolyuwinöbu, The Twin Serpent

Shele liny lyuwi heatelyt,
If two snakes are wound round each other,

ru shele seyan lütaatt, rüfete na pölyin reözher; shele seyan megörot, rulbe refrerur lu, na lyate rezharer vöran ta.
then, if they are alive, healing and children will increase; if they are dead, a lineage may break, and the household must pray to the goddesses.

101 liyeshilyenyo, The Cycle Pattern

Shele wesen na gihun pireatt liye le,
If water and grain move round in a cycle,

ru liye remayer, shele lyaten mazhiatr sonde nyüdhöte na hinyöẅeatelyr.
then the cycle will last, if the households keep their duties and share with one another.

102 ẅolyolinöbu, The Mediator

Shele lyoli pireatt maẅi lyögen le, na sey heatt son,
If a wanderer goes between different cities and binds them together,

ru tru ya revomer pölysode lyülelyumo eyi lu.
then a mediator may renew the compact of peace.

103 vörluloẅinöbu, The Edge-Folk

Shele loẅin nareatt vörlun le,
If people are living on the borders,

ru düẅute relevör vörlude nariyan ve na lyatenali liran ve; dödhewu rehonur seyande thepaben ta.
then change will come from kin on the borders and from people without houses; the council must hear their claims.

104 yumo, The Gate Flow

Shele mo pireatt lyire ve,
If a current flows out of a lyira,

ru lyiren relyonyur lyözo vey sorite; rulbelyaten reder muröfiye na rethrer piretharan ta.
then the lyira passages will bring wealth or danger; the maternal houses must measure out the crossing and protect the travellers.

105 süsernirẅurolu, The Telepathic Echo

Shele lira honuatt maẅi lirade tho,
If someone hears another person’s thought,

ru fongan minaatelyr süsernirẅu shi lu; dödhewu resödher tho zeyte ve ta.
then Phong may be talking to one another mind to mind; the council must record the thought apart from what was seen.

106 lyüshego, The Shared Dream

Shele ẅeshi liran ürzethat ami go,
If many people dream the same dream,

ru maẅi ẅayin redöbir lyüshego ta, vene so heatr dödhewu.
then separate witnesses must describe the shared dream before it can bind a council.

107 lerulyave, The Ghost Voice

Shele lira honuatt lyaven shulẅo le,
If someone hears voices in the wind,

ru tru sovara minaatr lu; lin resödher lyave ke liran honuthat, sode toyete ve ta.
then an ancestor may be speaking; the priests must record the voice that was heard apart from what it is taken to mean.

108 bomuröfiye, The Mirror Walk

Shele lira edhüthat bo ra,
If someone walks into a mirror,

ru sey repirer matuklaru ra.
then they will travel to another world.

109 gedhilye, The Shadow Self

Shele lira zeythat seyde gedhilye,
If someone meets their double,

ru sey regöror, vey sey revirer seyde dhilye dho.
then they will die, or they will be joined with their own self.

110 lyatuliyu, The Burning Bush

Shele liyu köteatt, day so ne nöreatt,
If a bush burns but does not burn away,

ru tru vöra sreatomr.
then a goddess is showing herself.

111 nolyurölyo, The Stone Speech

Shele ẅepidhönywe thiiskt nolyu le,
If writing appears on a stone,

ru shayödi lablörlordhülo rezheyur eyi lu; day liran repabir so karasözhewin nye ta.
then the ancient law may be made new; but it must be read aloud to the clan mothers.

112 wesesolyu, The Water Face

Shele solyu thiiskt wese le,
If a face appears in the water,

ru tru leru zeyatr.
then a spirit is watching.

113 shulẅomelyo, The Wind Name

Shele shulẅo yayeatt tru melyo,
If the wind says a name,

ru melyo ke liran honuthat revaner tru lira nyüdhöte ra lu; rulbelyate redönyer thepabe ta.
then the name that was heard may call someone to service; the maternal house must weigh the claim.

114 zülrewo, The Final Silence

Shele wo dhulethat, na yore ne thiatt,
If silence falls, and there is no sound,

ru röpti zamu renörer lu; rulbelyaten rethrer pölyin, melyon, gihu na reyon ta, vene eyi dödhewu vireatr.
then an age may end; the maternal houses must keep safe the children, the names, the grain and the archives before a new council meets.

Sentence notes

SI-01

Segmented: Ho kara-de lin södhe-tha=n Nözibevo ẅeshi lyeyon le.

Gloss: six clan-GEN priest-PL record-PFV=REP Sign-Book many year-PL LOC

SI-02

Segmented: Sa vo le, er thral nözibe thi-at=t.

Gloss: this codex LOC ten twelve omen exist-IPFV=DIR

SI-03

Segmented: Loyi nözibe-de melyo, nöbu na söẅewösre thi-at=t so le.

Gloss: every omen-GEN name omen and judgment exist-IPFV=DIR 3IN LOC

SI-04

Segmented: Shele nöbu e=t tru nözibe, ru dödhewu re=mitö=r so-de söẅewösre ta.

Gloss: if omen EQU=DIR one omen then council PROSP=follow=ASSUM 3IN-GEN judgment NEC

SI-05

Segmented: Shele nöbu ne e=t tru nözibe, ru söẅewösre ne he-at=t dödhewu.

Gloss: if omen NEG EQU=DIR one omen then judgment NEG bind-IPFV=DIR council

SL-01

Segmented: Kara, anyeshölyu na melyo pire-ush=t sözhewin ve pölyin ra.

Gloss: clan property and name travel-HAB=DIR mother-PL ABL child-PL ALL

SL-02

Segmented: Dödhewu nayi-ush=t waslyengülyuren ewöran nye, na so zhönyü-ush=t son röli.

Gloss: council give-HAB=DIR mandate-PL officeholder-PL DAT and 3IN recall-HAB=DIR 3IN.PL again

SL-03

Segmented: Ewöra ne dhömgü-ush=t; sey nyüdhö-ush=t rulbelyaten.

Gloss: officeholder NEG rule.alone-HAB=DIR 3AN serve-HAB=DIR maternal.house-PL

SL-04

Segmented: Nözibe ne vome-ush=t tru dela, na so ne nayi-ush=t pölyin yerüẅun nye.

Gloss: omen NEG make-HAB=DIR one monarch and 3IN NEG give-HAB=DIR child-PL stranger-PL DAT

SL-05

Segmented: Ẅayi yaye-ush=t so ke sey zey-tha=t; li yaye-ush=t so-de toyete.

Gloss: witness say-HAB=DIR 3IN REL 3AN see-PFV=DIR priest say-HAB=DIR 3IN-GEN meaning

SL-06

Segmented: Ki södhe-ush=t son liny lyu le; maẅi ki ne düẅu-ush=t son.

Gloss: scribe record-HAB=DIR 3IN.PL two scroll LOC other scribe NEG change-HAB=DIR 3IN.PL

SL-07

Segmented: Pölyi ne örlye-ush=t nözibe-de kuhite; rulbelyate mürvu-ush=t sey.

Gloss: child NEG receive-HAB=DIR omen-GEN harm maternal.house bring.up-HAB=DIR 3AN

SN-01

Segmented: Loyi nözibe-de melyo-v-e=t tru eyi nyivo, ke liran vome-tha=t shayödi nyivon ve na eyi nyivon ve.

Gloss: every omen-GEN name-LINK-COP=DIR one new word REL person-PL make-PFV=DIR ancient word-PL ABL and new word-PL ABL

SN-02

Segmented: Zülre nyivo e=t melyo-de yoru; maẅi nyivon ẅepüdhe-at=t so-de toyete.

Gloss: ending word EQU=DIR name-GEN heart other word-PL proclaim-IPFV=DIR 3IN-GEN meaning

SN-03

Segmented: Liran ne yaye-ush=t sani melyon lyanmu le; lin na kin yaye-ush=t son honute le.

Gloss: person-PL NEG say-HAB=DIR these name-PL market LOC priest-PL and scribe-PL say-HAB=DIR 3IN.PL hearing LOC

S001P

Segmented: Shele sulo daslye-at=t farle dho,

Gloss: if moon surface-IPFV=DIR halo COM

S001A

Segmented: ru ulyi rulbelyate re=lyöpe=r rathido dödhewu le; so re=ẅepüdhe=r so-de thepabe karasözhewin nye ta.

Gloss: then senior maternal.house PROSP=gain=ASSUM precedence council LOC 3IN PROSP=proclaim=ASSUM 3IN-GEN claim clan.mother-PL DAT NEC

S002P

Segmented: Shele salyu-de yilo thi-at=t lüye le,

Gloss: if sun-GEN darkness exist-IPFV=DIR morning LOC

S002A

Segmented: ru röpti rulbelyate-de ryofridhotivlashe hesü-at-u=r; karasözhewin re=vire=r dödhewu le ta, na seyan re=nyölya=r lyesa ta.

Gloss: then great maternal.house-GEN succession threaten-IPFV-PASS=ASSUM clan.mother-PL PROSP=join=ASSUM council LOC NEC and 3AN.PL PROSP=choose=ASSUM successor NEC

S003P

Segmented: Shele salyu-de yilo thi-at=t ẅöru le,

Gloss: if sun-GEN darkness exist-IPFV=DIR evening LOC

S003A

Segmented: ru nyomru re=hesü=r lyögen; rulbelyaten re=ble=r wöẅon höwi liran nye na lyatenali liran nye ta.

Gloss: then pestilence PROSP=threaten=ASSUM city-PL maternal.house-PL PROSP=open=ASSUM storehouse-PL sick person-PL DAT and homeless person-PL DAT NEC

S004P

Segmented: Shele yilo-de ge pire-at=t üde ve zöku ra,

Gloss: if darkness-GEN shadow travel-IPFV=DIR east ABL west ALL

S004A

Segmented: ru röpti zazhute re=hesü=r lyögen; ho kara re=vome=r pleunen na lyüshe gihu ta.

Gloss: then great flood PROSP=threaten=ASSUM city-PL six clan PROSP=make=ASSUM shelter-PL and shared grain NEC

S005P

Segmented: Shele yilo fre-isk=t salyu yoru ve,

Gloss: if darkness conceal-INCEP=DIR sun heart ABL

S005A

Segmented: ru dödhewu-de ulyi karasözhewi re=göro=r vey re=zhamu=r sey-de waslyengülyure lu; Tiriya-de luẅidhete le, Tyre hesü-at-u=r.

Gloss: then council-GEN senior clan.mother PROSP=die=ASSUM or PROSP=lose=ASSUM 3AN-GEN mandate POSS Tiriya-GEN interpreting LOC Tyre threaten-IPFV-PASS=ASSUM

S006P

Segmented: Shele lyoyi-de saro levö-tha=t salyu-de lilyẅe ra,

Gloss: if raven-GEN star come-PFV=DIR sun-GEN path ALL

S006A

Segmented: ru üne-de dösu re=zheẅü=r na öman re=dikra=r; lyanmupulyan re=mina=r so kara-de dödhewun nye ta.

Gloss: then trade-GEN price PROSP=fall.in.price=ASSUM and merchant-PL PROSP=protest=ASSUM market.keeper-PL PROSP=speak=ASSUM 3IN clan-GEN council-PL DAT NEC

S007P

Segmented: Shele zelyo-de saro yöpü-at=t lyafüru-de blüẅo le,

Gloss: if yoke-GEN star stand-IPFV=DIR sky-GEN height LOC

S007A

Segmented: ru rünye re=özhe=r; rulbelyaten re=mazhi=r nupen na re=hinyöẅe=r bilye gihu ta.

Gloss: then harvest PROSP=increase=ASSUM maternal.house-PL PROSP=keep=ASSUM seed-PL and PROSP=distribute=ASSUM excess grain NEC

S008P

Segmented: Shele saro zöẅi-tha=t sulo-de lyalyu ve sulo-de ẅölyo ra,

Gloss: if star flash.once-PFV=DIR moon-GEN right.hand ABL moon-GEN left.hand ALL

S008A

Segmented: ru lipo-de pirete na=r löyi; day karasözhewin re=meẅi=r so-de ẅeli ta.

Gloss: then war-GEN journey ATTR=ASSUM good but clan.mother-PL PROSP=appoint=ASSUM 3IN-GEN captain NEC

S009P

Segmented: Shele saro zöẅi-tha=t sulo-de ẅölyo ve sulo-de lyalyu ra,

Gloss: if star flash.once-PFV=DIR moon-GEN left.hand ABL moon-GEN right.hand ALL

S009A

Segmented: ru lipo-de pirete na=r kuhi; karasözhewin re=zhönyü=r so-de ẅeli ta.

Gloss: then war-GEN journey ATTR=ASSUM bad clan.mother-PL PROSP=recall=ASSUM 3IN-GEN captain NEC

S010P

Segmented: Shele woshwu thi-at=t yöli sari lyafüru le,

Gloss: if cloud exist-IPFV=DIR lion SIM sky LOC

S010A

Segmented: ru elwi rulbelyate re=yeyü=r bilye külyebüẅun lyüshe liran ve; maẅi rulbelyaten re=lyüsö=r so ta.

Gloss: then strong maternal.house PROSP=demand=ASSUM excess tax-PL shared person-PL ABL other maternal.house-PL PROSP=examine=ASSUM 3IN NEC

S011P

Segmented: Shele woshwu thi-at=t rali sari lyafüru le,

Gloss: if cloud exist-IPFV=DIR mammoth SIM sky LOC

S011A

Segmented: ru züyi rulbelyate re=dantho=r rathido dödhewu le; dödhewu re=rüẅö=r thepabe honute le ta.

Gloss: then rival maternal.house PROSP=dispute=ASSUM precedence council LOC council PROSP=settle=ASSUM claim hearing LOC NEC

S012P

Segmented: Shele lyuwelyalydhu daslye-at=t üde le,

Gloss: if Red.Dust surface-IPFV=DIR east LOC

S012A

Segmented: ru lipo re=hesü=r linylo-de rulbelyaten; karasözhewin re=vane=r renyite-de dödhewu ta.

Gloss: then war PROSP=threaten=ASSUM alliance-GEN maternal.house-PL clan.mother-PL PROSP=invite=ASSUM reconciliation-GEN council NEC

S013P

Segmented: Shele lyatkulyalydhu daslye-at=t,

Gloss: if White.Dust surface-IPFV=DIR

S013A

Segmented: ru rünye na zefu hesü-at-u=r; rulbelyaten re=lüha=r gihu wöẅon ve lyüri lyaten nye ta.

Gloss: then harvest and silver threaten-IPFV-PASS=ASSUM maternal.house-PL PROSP=supply=ASSUM grain storehouse-PL ABL poor house-PL DAT NEC

S014P

Segmented: Shele laye honu-at-u=t piyu le,

Gloss: if thunder hear-IPFV-PASS=DIR winter LOC

S014A

Segmented: ru dödhewu-de kozisheya re=nunzho=r dödhewu lu; sözhewin re=yeyü=r lyüshe fösite ta.

Gloss: then council-GEN speaker PROSP=betray=ASSUM council POSS mother-PL PROSP=demand=ASSUM shared testimony NEC

S015P

Segmented: Shele liny farle thi-at=t salyu le,

Gloss: if two halo exist-IPFV=DIR sun LOC

S015A

Segmented: ru liny rulbelyate re=dantho=r tru dödhewu-de melyo; dödhewu ne re=örlye=r thepabe ta, shele karasözhewin ne ledö-tha=r.

Gloss: then two maternal.house PROSP=dispute=ASSUM one council-GEN name council NEG PROSP=receive=ASSUM claim NEC if clan.mother-PL NEG consent-PFV=ASSUM

S016P

Segmented: Shele ẅöru-de saro yöpü-at=t blüẅo le,

Gloss: if evening-GEN star stand-IPFV=DIR height LOC

S016A

Segmented: ru lyüte, eslute na linylon re=özhe=r; day lipo re=mole=r dödhewu-de söẅewösre le.

Gloss: then love childbearing and alliance-PL PROSP=increase=ASSUM but war PROSP=remain=ASSUM council-GEN judgment LOC

S017P

Segmented: Shele lyuwesaro thowu-at=t,

Gloss: if red.star return-IPFV=DIR

S017A

Segmented: ru köẅi linylo-de rulbelyaten re=zhönyü=r son-de ledöte lu, na fare re=pire=r vörlu-de lyizen le lu.

Gloss: then distant alliance-GEN maternal.house-PL PROSP=recall=ASSUM 3IN.PL-GEN consent POSS and fire PROSP=travel=ASSUM border-GEN field-PL LOC POSS

S018P

Segmented: Shele sulo ne zey-at-u=t tru-ri efo le,

Gloss: if moon NEG see-IPFV-PASS=DIR one-ORD day LOC

S018A

Segmented: ru kara-de vöran na=r ẅüyi; rulbelyaten re=lyöneyö=r na re=zare=r renyite ta.

Gloss: then clan-GEN goddess-PL ATTR=ASSUM angry maternal.house-PL PROSP=mourn=ASSUM and PROSP=seek=ASSUM reconciliation NEC

S019P

Segmented: Shele nalyo thi-at=t dhu le,

Gloss: if radiance exist-IPFV=DIR darkness LOC

S019A

Segmented: ru dödhewu re=fale=r ewöra-de vey rulbepulya-de lümi tüvifemfo.

Gloss: then council PROSP=know=ASSUM officeholder-GEN or lineage.keeper-GEN hidden abuse.of.office

S020P

Segmented: Shele yadüben dhule-at=t lyöge le,

Gloss: if meteor-PL fall-IPFV=DIR city LOC

S020A

Segmented: ru lyöge-de zushan re=nunzho=r seyan-de waslyengülyure lu; sözhewin re=lyüsö=r seyan-de ẅeli-de lyönemthrithanyo ta.

Gloss: then city-GEN guard-PL PROSP=betray=ASSUM 3AN.PL-GEN mandate POSS mother-PL PROSP=examine=ASSUM 3AN.PL-GEN captain-GEN commission NEC

S021P

Segmented: Shele lyöge ke thi-at=t üno le lure-at=t dhu le,

Gloss: if city REL exist-IPFV=DIR hill LOC shine-IPFV=DIR darkness LOC

S021A

Segmented: ru lyöge re=lyöpe=r rathido maẅi lyögen dho; day rulbelyaten re=vome=r so lyülelyumon shi ta.

Gloss: then city PROSP=gain=ASSUM precedence other city-PL COM but maternal.house-PL PROSP=make=ASSUM 3IN agreement-PL INS NEC

S022P

Segmented: Shele lyöge-de yu ne nüke-at=t,

Gloss: if city-GEN gate NEG creak-IPFV=DIR

S022A

Segmented: ru üne re=düvyö=r; lyöge-de sözhewin re=nipe=r blökomöton na re=thre=r lyüri lyaten ta.

Gloss: then trade PROSP=collapse=ASSUM city-GEN mother-PL PROSP=mend=ASSUM caravan.road-PL and PROSP=protect=ASSUM poor house-PL NEC

S023P

Segmented: Shele linnyo thi-isk=t gömiye le,

Gloss: if tears exist-INCEP=DIR wall LOC

S023A

Segmented: ru thile na pawu re=levö=r; rulbelyaten re=vome=r gihu na pleunen ta.

Gloss: then siege and grief PROSP=come=ASSUM maternal.house-PL PROSP=make=ASSUM grain and shelter-PL NEC

S024P

Segmented: Shele lüẅe olyi-at=t kelythodödhewu-de nyimu le,

Gloss: if fungus grow-IPFV=DIR imperial.assembly-GEN roof LOC

S024A

Segmented: ru elwi rulbelyate-de söẅewösre me=mokö=r; maẅi rulbelyaten re=vane=r lyüsöte ta.

Gloss: then strong maternal.house-GEN judgment RES=rot=ASSUM other maternal.house-PL PROSP=invite=ASSUM inquiry NEC

S025P

Segmented: Shele wolyi nare-at=t sovaran-de reyo le,

Gloss: if owl dwell-IPFV=DIR ancestor-PL-GEN archive LOC

S025A

Segmented: ru tru sovaran-de lyu re=düẅu=r rulbe-de thepabe vey re=sre=r lümi ryofridhotivlashe.

Gloss: then one ancestor-PL-GEN scroll PROSP=change=ASSUM lineage-GEN claim or PROSP=reveal=ASSUM hidden succession

S026P

Segmented: Shele zhorenya-de büre zheyu-tha=t lathi,

Gloss: if swordsmith-GEN hearth become-PFV=DIR cold

S026A

Segmented: ru tharo re=zhamu=r so-de zhoren lipo le lu; sözhewin re=dönye=r lipo-de pirete röli ta.

Gloss: then army PROSP=lose=ASSUM 3IN-GEN sword-PL war LOC POSS mother-PL PROSP=judge=ASSUM war-GEN journey again NEC

S027P

Segmented: Shele lyuwi pire-tha=t lyilye ve lyate ra,

Gloss: if serpent travel-PFV=DIR threshold ABL house ALL

S027A

Segmented: ru ẅözha me=edhü=r dödhewu-de ralyi minate ra.

Gloss: then spy RES=enter=ASSUM council-GEN secret talk ALL

S028P

Segmented: Shele tru lira-de liny ge thi-at=t lyöẅe le,

Gloss: if one person-GEN two shadow exist-IPFV=DIR noon LOC

S028A

Segmented: ru sey-de kara nyane-at-u=r; rulbelyate re=lyüsö=r sa nözibe ta, vene dödhewu dönye-at=r.

Gloss: then 3AN-GEN clan divide-IPFV-PASS=ASSUM maternal.house PROSP=examine=ASSUM this omen NEC before council judge-IPFV=ASSUM

S029P

Segmented: Shele nyenyo-de wese zheyu-tha=t lyuwe,

Gloss: if well-GEN water become-PFV=DIR red

S029A

Segmented: ru tharo re=tawu=r lyöge lu; rulbelyaten re=thre=r na re=hinyöẅe=r lyüshe gihu ta.

Gloss: then army PROSP=attack=ASSUM city POSS maternal.house-PL PROSP=protect=ASSUM and PROSP=distribute=ASSUM shared grain NEC

S030P

Segmented: Shele lyüẅi zohi-at=t yonyule le, day lira ne thi-at=t so le,

Gloss: if dog bark-IPFV=DIR lane LOC but person NEG exist-IPFV=DIR 3IN LOC

S030A

Segmented: ru nyomru-de lerun thi-at=r lyöge le; rulbelyaten re=thre=r höwi liran zane shi na rüfete shi ta.

Gloss: then pestilence-GEN ghost-PL exist-IPFV=ASSUM city LOC maternal.house-PL PROSP=protect=ASSUM sick person-PL prayer INS and healing INS NEC

S031P

Segmented: Shele tohtethu pire-at=t ithire ra,

Gloss: if river travel-IPFV=DIR mountains ALL

S031A

Segmented: ru wese-de lablörlordhülo me=düẅu=r; züyi rulbelyaten re=vome=r eyi vörlulyülelyumon ta.

Gloss: then water-GEN law RES=change=ASSUM rival maternal.house-PL PROSP=make=ASSUM new boundary.agreement-PL NEC

S032P

Segmented: Shele nyöyo thi-at=t lyize le,

Gloss: if salt exist-IPFV=DIR field LOC

S032A

Segmented: ru rünye hesü-at-u=r; sözhewin re=thre=r nupen ta, eyi zamu nye.

Gloss: then harvest threaten-IPFV-PASS=ASSUM mother-PL PROSP=protect=ASSUM seed-PL NEC new season DAT

S033P

Segmented: Shele nolyu thi-at=t eyi pölyi-de nyilo le,

Gloss: if stone exist-IPFV=DIR new child-GEN cradle LOC

S033A

Segmented: ru pölyi re=zheyu=r elwi; rulbelyate re=lutri=r sey ta.

Gloss: then child PROSP=become=ASSUM strong maternal.house PROSP=teach=ASSUM 3AN NEC

S034P

Segmented: Shele lyula shiko-at=t rumen le,

Gloss: if fox laugh-IPFV=DIR ruin-PL LOC

S034A

Segmented: ru liran re=avö=r lyöge, na gize re=edhü=r so.

Gloss: then person-PL PROSP=go.out=ASSUM city and forest PROSP=enter=ASSUM 3IN

S035P

Segmented: Shele lyanmupevun düvyö-tha=t, day shulẅo ne thi-at=t,

Gloss: if market.stall-PL collapse-PFV=DIR but wind NEG exist-IPFV=DIR

S035A

Segmented: ru lyanmu-de lyülelyumo re=düvyö=r lu; dödhewun re=lyüsö=r lyinyen, zuken na lyüshe wöẅon ta.

Gloss: then market-GEN agreement PROSP=collapse=ASSUM POSS council-PL PROSP=examine=ASSUM weight-PL debt-PL and shared storehouse-PL NEC

S036P

Segmented: Shele liẅan viga-at=t shilyenyo shi dödhewulyate le,

Gloss: if bird-PL fly-IPFV=DIR pattern INS council.house LOC

S036A

Segmented: ru lipo-de dödhewu re=vire=r sa efo le ta; ẅeli ne re=pire=r ta, shele karasözhewin ne röve-tha=r.

Gloss: then war-GEN council PROSP=join=ASSUM this day LOC NEC captain NEG PROSP=travel=ASSUM NEC if clan.mother-PL NEG allow-PFV=ASSUM

S037P

Segmented: Shele liẅan viga-at=t sloregi möto le ẅölyo ra,

Gloss: if bird-PL fly-IPFV=DIR circular road LOC left.hand ALL

S037A

Segmented: ru karasözhewin re=pire-iv=r zan ta, na re=he=r seyan-de lipo-de ẅelin ta.

Gloss: then clan.mother-PL PROSP=travel-CAUS=ASSUM negotiator-PL NEC and PROSP=bind=ASSUM 3AN.PL-GEN war-GEN captain-PL NEC

S038P

Segmented: Shele lyüleyölne nümu-at=t möge-de gömiye,

Gloss: if Black.Mould cover-IPFV=DIR north-GEN wall

S038A

Segmented: ru tru rulbe ne nyüdhö-tha=r sovaran; so-de rulbelyate re=nayi=r wündhelso ta.

Gloss: then one lineage NEG serve-PFV=ASSUM ancestor-PL 3IN-GEN maternal.house PROSP=give=ASSUM compensation NEC

S039P

Segmented: Shele lyatkuyölne nümu-at=t lüẅo-de gömiye,

Gloss: if White.Mould cover-IPFV=DIR south-GEN wall

S039A

Segmented: ru lerun na=r lali; löyi efon re=levö=r.

Gloss: then ghost-PL ATTR=ASSUM gentle good day-PL PROSP=come=ASSUM

S040P

Segmented: Shele lolu shote-tha=t blüẅo ve thare ra,

Gloss: if tower crack-PFV=DIR height ABL earth ALL

S040A

Segmented: ru eli lin re=ükö=r ulyi lin-de söẅewösren; sorepulyan re=vire=r honute le ta.

Gloss: then young priest-PL PROSP=object.to=ASSUM senior priest-PL-GEN judgment-PL custodian-PL PROSP=join=ASSUM hearing LOC NEC

S041P

Segmented: Shele lyaso nüke-ush=t dhu le,

Gloss: if floor creak-HAB=DIR darkness LOC

S041A

Segmented: ru lerun lyonya-at=r; li re=lyuve=r son ta.

Gloss: then ghost-PL dance-IPFV=ASSUM priest PROSP=drive.out=ASSUM 3IN.PL NEC

S042P

Segmented: Shele lyöge-de yöẅo zhamu-tha-u=t,

Gloss: if city-GEN key lose-PFV-PASS=DIR

S042A

Segmented: ru tru yupulya me=nunzho=r tru rulbelyate; sözhewin re=lyüsö=r yun na son-de zushan ta.

Gloss: then one gatekeeper RES=betray=ASSUM one maternal.house mother-PL PROSP=examine=ASSUM gate-PL and 3IN.PL-GEN guard-PL NEC

S043P

Segmented: Shele shayödi rulyo giye-tha-u=t yonyule le,

Gloss: if ancient coin find-PFV-PASS=DIR lane LOC

S043A

Segmented: ru lyözo ke liran me-tha=r re=thowu=r tru rulbe ra; sözhewin re=nöde=r sovaran-de thepabe ta.

Gloss: then wealth REL person-PL forget-PFV=ASSUM PROSP=return=ASSUM one lineage ALL mother-PL PROSP=test=ASSUM ancestor-PL-GEN claim NEC

S044P

Segmented: Shele yerüẅu-de solyu e=t tru kozisheya-de solyu,

Gloss: if stranger-GEN face EQU=DIR one speaker-GEN face

S044A

Segmented: ru kisothara zare-at=r kozisheya-de melyo vey waslyengülyure.

Gloss: then pretender seek-IPFV=ASSUM speaker-GEN name or mandate

S045P

Segmented: Shele lyüshe nürlo zheyu-tha=t nyölyyo,

Gloss: if shared fountain become-PFV=DIR dryness

S045A

Segmented: ru Ophalrhan me=avö=r wesepulyan; Ophalrhan-de sözhewin re=diva=r eyite-de zanen ta.

Gloss: then Ophalrhan RES=go.out=ASSUM water.keeper-PL Ophalrhan-GEN mother-PL PROSP=lead=ASSUM renewal-GEN prayer-PL NEC

S046P

Segmented: Shele wese avö-at=t ẅösro ve, day lira ne lyöde-tha=t so,

Gloss: if water go.out-IPFV=DIR cup ABL but person NEG pour-PFV=DIR 3IN

S046A

Segmented: ru lyözo re=levö=r; day liran re=nekru=r nyüvlu ta.

Gloss: then wealth PROSP=come=ASSUM but person-PL PROSP=fear=ASSUM drunkenness NEC

S047P

Segmented: Shele bo shote-tha=t, day lira ne ranü-tha=t so,

Gloss: if mirror crack-PFV=DIR but person NEG brush-PFV=DIR 3IN

S047A

Segmented: ru kara-de lyaẅo me=freru=r; rulbelyate re=zare=r renyite ta, vene so dönye-at=r.

Gloss: then clan-GEN bond RES=break=ASSUM maternal.house PROSP=seek=ASSUM reconciliation NEC before 3IN judge-IPFV=ASSUM

S048P

Segmented: Shele leyo honu-at-u=t yu le, day lira ne thi-at=t yu le,

Gloss: if knocking hear-IPFV-PASS=DIR gate LOC but person NEG exist-IPFV=DIR gate LOC

S048A

Segmented: ru göle thena-at=r yu le.

Gloss: then death wait-IPFV=ASSUM gate LOC

S049P

Segmented: Shele ẅeya-de nyeyiru thi-at=t dödhewulyate le,

Gloss: if ant-GEN swarm exist-IPFV=DIR council.house LOC

S049A

Segmented: ru dödhewu-de ulyi rulbelyate-de züyin na=r ẅeshi; day seyan na=r löni.

Gloss: then council-GEN senior maternal.house-GEN rival-PL ATTR=ASSUM many but 3AN.PL ATTR=ASSUM weak

S050P

Segmented: Shele tru lila edhü-tha=t lyöge ra,

Gloss: if one wolf enter-PFV=DIR city ALL

S050A

Segmented: ru röpti yerüẅu me=levö=r; karasözhewin re=dhösha=r yerüẅu-de nyüdhöten na thepaben ta.

Gloss: then great stranger RES=come=ASSUM clan.mother-PL PROSP=decide=ASSUM stranger-GEN duty-PL and claim-PL NEC

S051P

Segmented: Shele saro dhule-tha=t tru lyate ra,

Gloss: if star fall-PFV=DIR one house ALL

S051A

Segmented: ru sa rulbelyate re=düvyö=r vey re=lyöpe=r röpti rathido; so-de pulyan re=zare=r maẅi luẅidhete ta.

Gloss: then this maternal.house PROSP=collapse=ASSUM or PROSP=gain=ASSUM great precedence 3IN-GEN keeper-PL PROSP=seek=ASSUM other interpreting NEC

S052P

Segmented: Shele lyafüru zheyu-tha=t kölye ẅöru le,

Gloss: if sky become-PFV=DIR green evening LOC

S052A

Segmented: ru elwi nelyshun re=levö=r, vey lümi nöbu re=dhule=r lyafüru ve.

Gloss: then strong storm-PL PROSP=come=ASSUM or hidden omen PROSP=fall=ASSUM sky ABL

S053P

Segmented: Shele tohtethu zheyu-tha=t lyuwe,

Gloss: if river become-PFV=DIR red

S053A

Segmented: ru lipo vey nyomru thi-at=r ithire le.

Gloss: then war or pestilence exist-IPFV=ASSUM mountains LOC

S054P

Segmented: Shele lyasu thi-at=t mulyilu le,

Gloss: if frost exist-IPFV=DIR summer LOC

S054A

Segmented: ru zamun-de liye me=freru=r; rulbelyaten re=thre=r gihu na wese ta, vene liye thowu-at=r.

Gloss: then season-PL-GEN cycle RES=break=ASSUM maternal.house-PL PROSP=protect=ASSUM grain and water NEC before cycle return-IPFV=ASSUM

S055P

Segmented: Shele nyenyo-de wese satu-at=t,

Gloss: if well-GEN water boil-IPFV=DIR

S055A

Segmented: ru fare pire-at=r thare le, vey leru thi-at=r nyenyo le.

Gloss: then fire travel-IPFV=ASSUM earth LOC or ghost exist-IPFV=ASSUM well LOC

S056P

Segmented: Shele nolyun tize-at=t,

Gloss: if stone-PL sing-IPFV=DIR

S056A

Segmented: ru thare zire-isk=r; so re=lyüthlu=r lu.

Gloss: then earth awaken-INCEP=ASSUM 3IN PROSP=shake=ASSUM POSS

S057P

Segmented: Shele linnyu-de ẅimu thi-at=t plonlye sari,

Gloss: if tree-GEN sap exist-IPFV=DIR blood SIM

S057A

Segmented: ru thare me=diẅö-u=r; rulbelyaten re=vome=r lave ke dödhewu röve-tha=r ta; lira ne re=küza=r ta, shele dödhewu ne röve-tha=r.

Gloss: then earth RES=wound-PASS=ASSUM maternal.house-PL PROSP=make=ASSUM offering REL council allow-PFV=ASSUM NEC person NEG PROSP=kill=ASSUM NEC if council NEG allow-PFV=ASSUM

S058P

Segmented: Shele lyülyẅanyu nümu-at=t lyöge lyöẅe le,

Gloss: if fog cover-IPFV=DIR city noon LOC

S058A

Segmented: ru vöran fre-at=r tru nöbu; liran re=thena=r ta.

Gloss: then goddess-PL conceal-IPFV=ASSUM one omen person-PL PROSP=wait=ASSUM NEC

S059P

Segmented: Shele tru liẅa viga-tha=t lyate ra,

Gloss: if one bird fly-PFV=DIR house ALL

S059A

Segmented: ru lyösu re=levö=r köẅi möto ve, na so re=lyonyu=r göle vey düẅute.

Gloss: then news PROSP=come=ASSUM distant road ABL and 3IN PROSP=bring=ASSUM death or change

S060P

Segmented: Shele lüyin-de nyörden me=he-u=t,

Gloss: if rat-PL-GEN tail-PL RES=bind-PASS=DIR

S060A

Segmented: ru ralyi linylo na nyomru thi-at=r.

Gloss: then secret alliance and pestilence exist-IPFV=ASSUM

S061P

Segmented: Shele liny yoru thi-at=t lave le,

Gloss: if two heart exist-IPFV=DIR offering LOC

S061A

Segmented: ru ulyi karasözhewi re=lüta=r rori; sey-de rulbe re=özhe=r.

Gloss: then senior clan.mother PROSP=live=ASSUM long 3AN-GEN lineage PROSP=increase=ASSUM

S062P

Segmented: Shele lave-de shalye thi-at=t silyfle sari,

Gloss: if offering-GEN liver exist-IPFV=DIR reversal SIM

S062A

Segmented: ru göle hesü-at=r tru nafi, tru rulöba-de pölyi, vey tru kozisheya ke rulbe meẅi-tha=r.

Gloss: then death threaten-IPFV=ASSUM one uncle one aunt-GEN child or one speaker REL lineage appoint-PFV=ASSUM

S063P

Segmented: Shele plonlye avö-at=t thare ve, nure liran re-at=t so,

Gloss: if blood go.out-IPFV=DIR earth ABL while person-PL carve-IPFV=DIR 3IN

S063A

Segmented: ru moköte hesü-at=r thare; sözhewin re=thre=r rünye-de dhavin ta, na re=lüha=r gihu lyaten nye ta.

Gloss: then rot threaten-IPFV=ASSUM earth mother-PL PROSP=protect=ASSUM harvest-GEN worker-PL NEC and PROSP=supply=ASSUM grain house-PL DAT NEC

S064P

Segmented: Shele lenyi zey-at-u=t, day sey ne gözhü-at=t,

Gloss: if frog see-IPFV-PASS=DIR but 3AN NEG croak-IPFV=DIR

S064A

Segmented: ru wese re=zheyu=r nyölyyo; tru gu re=göro=r.

Gloss: then water PROSP=become=ASSUM dryness one stream PROSP=die=ASSUM

S065P

Segmented: Shele lira ürze-tha=t rali,

Gloss: if person dream-PFV=DIR mammoth

S065A

Segmented: ru sey re=zheyu=r zanyümi na elwi.

Gloss: then 3AN PROSP=become=ASSUM rich and strong

S066P

Segmented: Shele lira ürze-tha=t yu ke ble-at-om=t,

Gloss: if person dream-PFV=DIR gate REL open-IPFV-REFL=DIR

S066A

Segmented: ru sey-de üne re=özhe=r; sey re=pire=r köẅi möton le.

Gloss: then 3AN-GEN trade PROSP=increase=ASSUM 3AN PROSP=travel=ASSUM distant road-PL LOC

S067P

Segmented: Shele pölyi eslu-tha-u=t mövafeyi-de solyu dho,

Gloss: if child bear-PFV-PASS=DIR chimera-GEN face COM

S067A

Segmented: ru dödhewu re=löbi=r lin ta; liran re=thre=r sözhewi na eyi pölyi ta; nözibe ne re=damfu=r seyan ta.

Gloss: then council PROSP=ask=ASSUM priest-PL NEC person-PL PROSP=protect=ASSUM mother and new child NEC omen NEG PROSP=punish=ASSUM 3AN.PL NEC

S068P

Segmented: Shele eyi pölyi-de nyörde thi-at=t,

Gloss: if new child-GEN tail exist-IPFV=DIR

S068A

Segmented: ru dödhewu-de ulyi rulbelyate-de waslyengülyure re=nöre=r lu; liran ne re=dhüpa=r eyi pölyi ta.

Gloss: then council-GEN senior maternal.house-GEN mandate PROSP=fade=ASSUM POSS person-PL NEG PROSP=blame=ASSUM new child NEC

S069P

Segmented: Shele lyüẅi thi-at=t dhenyözhenpra-de yasre le,

Gloss: if dog exist-IPFV=DIR elder-GEN bed LOC

S069A

Segmented: ru rulbelyaten-de linylo hesü-at-u=r; rulbe-de dhenyözhenpran re=thre=r so-de liran ta.

Gloss: then maternal.house-PL-GEN alliance threaten-IPFV-PASS=ASSUM lineage-GEN elder-PL PROSP=protect=ASSUM 3IN-GEN person-PL NEC

S070P

Segmented: Shele bo dhule-tha=t, day so ne freru-tha=t,

Gloss: if mirror fall-PFV=DIR but 3IN NEG break-PFV=DIR

S070A

Segmented: ru tru kozisheya re=nunzho=r dödhewu lu; rulbelyaten re=honu=r fösite ta, vene seyan damfu-at=r.

Gloss: then one speaker PROSP=betray=ASSUM council POSS maternal.house-PL PROSP=hear=ASSUM testimony NEC before 3AN.PL punish-IPFV=ASSUM

S071P

Segmented: Shele zhuro na wese vire-tha-ely=t, day son zufe-omp-ely=t,

Gloss: if oil and water join-PFV-RECP=DIR but 3IN.PL separate-COMPL-RECP=DIR

S071A

Segmented: ru lin me=vire=r liny nöbu; maẅi ẅayin re=dönye=r son-de tharnyiyu röli ta.

Gloss: then priest-PL RES=join=ASSUM two omen other witness-PL PROSP=judge=ASSUM 3IN.PL-GEN prophecy again NEC

S072P

Segmented: Shele danyözane ne thi-tha=t kozisheya-de rölyo le, nure sey pabi-at=t kelytho-de lablörlordhülo,

Gloss: if liaison NEG exist-PFV=DIR speaker-GEN speech LOC while 3AN read.aloud-IPFV=DIR empire-GEN law

S072A

Segmented: ru dödhewu-de lyülelyumo re=freru=r lu.

Gloss: then council-GEN agreement PROSP=break=ASSUM POSS

S073P

Segmented: Shele tohtethu pire-isk=t ithire ra,

Gloss: if river travel-INCEP=DIR mountains ALL

S073A

Segmented: ru kelytho me=zhamu=r vöran-de wuwe; sözhewin re=dönye=r so-de lyülelyumon röli ta.

Gloss: then empire RES=lose=ASSUM goddess-PL-GEN favour mother-PL PROSP=judge=ASSUM 3IN-GEN agreement-PL again NEC

S074P

Segmented: Shele lira zey-tha=t böẅenyfi,

Gloss: if person see-PFV=DIR phoenix

S074A

Segmented: ru eyi yeyüthara re=daslye=r, na sey re=zare=r dödhewu-de melyo; dödhewun re=göbi=r ryofridhotivlashe ke so ne röve-tha=r ta.

Gloss: then new claimant PROSP=surface=ASSUM and 3AN PROSP=seek=ASSUM council-GEN name council-PL PROSP=refuse=ASSUM succession REL 3IN NEG allow-PFV=ASSUM NEC

S075P

Segmented: Shele röpti liru zheyu-tha=t söfi,

Gloss: if great crowd become-PFV=DIR silent

S075A

Segmented: ru rulbelyaten me=vome=r ralyi linylo lyüshe dödhewu ve.

Gloss: then maternal.house-PL RES=make=ASSUM secret alliance shared council ABL

S076P

Segmented: Shele thore zey-at-u=t, day so-de tru lizhu ne thi-at=t,

Gloss: if footprint see-IPFV-PASS=DIR but 3IN-GEN one toe NEG exist-IPFV=DIR

S076A

Segmented: ru tru pirethara re=zhamu=r sey-de lyate-de möto lu; sey-de rulbelyate re=vome=r threte-de zanen sey nye ta.

Gloss: then one pilgrim PROSP=lose=ASSUM 3AN-GEN house-GEN road POSS 3AN-GEN maternal.house PROSP=make=ASSUM protecting-GEN prayer-PL 3AN DAT NEC

S077P

Segmented: Shele fongan zey-tha=n zekasi nöbu lyafüru le,

Gloss: if Phong-PL see-PFV=REP strange omen sky LOC

S077A

Segmented: ru matuklarun-de selyu freru-isk=r.

Gloss: then other.world-PL-GEN veil break-INCEP=ASSUM

S078P

Segmented: Shele tru shilyenyo shote-at=t ẅeshi shilyenyon ra, na loyi shilyenyo düvyö-at=t,

Gloss: if one pattern crack-IPFV=DIR many pattern-PL ALL and every pattern collapse-IPFV=DIR

S078A

Segmented: ru kelythodödhewu-de dödhewun re=düvyö=r lu; rulbelyaten re=telyanle=r son-de nyüdhöte ta.

Gloss: then imperial.assembly-GEN council-PL PROSP=collapse=ASSUM POSS maternal.house-PL PROSP=preserve=ASSUM 3IN.PL-GEN duty NEC

S079P

Segmented: Shele lyöre ne lüla-at=t wese le,

Gloss: if opal.mead NEG dissolve-IPFV=DIR water LOC

S079A

Segmented: ru lin-de waslyengülyure nöre-at=r; karasözhewin re=honu=r na re=lyüsö=r seyan-de thepaben ta.

Gloss: then priest-PL-GEN mandate fade-IPFV=ASSUM clan.mother-PL PROSP=hear=ASSUM and PROSP=examine=ASSUM 3AN.PL-GEN claim-PL NEC

S080P

Segmented: Shele lyülemülyo thi-at=t salyu le,

Gloss: if black.spot exist-IPFV=DIR sun LOC

S080A

Segmented: ru ralyi liran wöni-at=r the seyan re=küza=r ulyi karasözhewi vey sey-de kozisheya.

Gloss: then secret person-PL plan-IPFV=ASSUM COMP 3AN.PL PROSP=kill=ASSUM senior clan.mother or 3AN-GEN speaker

S081P

Segmented: Shele eyi pölyi-de ẅule thi-at=t sey-de nayu le,

Gloss: if new child-GEN cord exist-IPFV=DIR 3AN-GEN neck LOC

S081A

Segmented: ru ẅeshi nariyan-de thepaben he-at=r pölyi; rulbelyate re=rüẅö=r thepaben ta, na re=thre=r pölyi ta.

Gloss: then many kin-PL-GEN claim-PL bind-IPFV=ASSUM child maternal.house PROSP=settle=ASSUM claim-PL NEC and PROSP=protect=ASSUM child NEC

S082P

Segmented: Shele lave-de shalye zheyu-tha=t lyatku,

Gloss: if offering-GEN liver become-PFV=DIR whiteness

S082A

Segmented: ru gihu-de lire re=levö=r thare le.

Gloss: then grain-GEN absence PROSP=come=ASSUM earth LOC

S083P

Segmented: Shele lave-de shalye zheyu-tha=t lyüle,

Gloss: if offering-GEN liver become-PFV=DIR blackness

S083A

Segmented: ru nyomru vey Róskaï-de ẅüyite re=levö=r.

Gloss: then pestilence or Róskaï-GEN anger PROSP=come=ASSUM

S084P

Segmented: Shele lyela eslu-tha-u=t liny lyüro dho,

Gloss: if calf bear-PFV-PASS=DIR two head COM

S084A

Segmented: ru kelythodödhewu nyane-at-u=r lu; sözhewin re=zare=r eyi pölyso-de lyülelyumo ta.

Gloss: then imperial.assembly divide-IPFV-PASS=ASSUM POSS mother-PL PROSP=seek=ASSUM new peace-GEN agreement NEC

S085P

Segmented: Shele pölyi eslu-tha-u=t, day sey-de lyüro ne thi-at=t,

Gloss: if child bear-PFV-PASS=DIR but 3AN-GEN head NEG exist-IPFV=DIR

S085A

Segmented: ru ulyi rulbe-de ryofridhotivlashe hesü-at-u=r; dödhewu re=vome=r so eyi ta.

Gloss: then senior lineage-GEN succession threaten-IPFV-PASS=ASSUM council PROSP=make=ASSUM 3IN new NEC

S086P

Segmented: Shele yore honu-at-u=t lave ve,

Gloss: if sound hear-IPFV-PASS=DIR offering ABL

S086A

Segmented: ru tru vöra nöye-at=r rulbelyate ke lave mazhi-at=t; lin re=mina=r so sözhewin nye ta.

Gloss: then one goddess warn-IPFV=ASSUM maternal.house REL offering keep-IPFV=DIR priest-PL PROSP=speak=ASSUM 3IN mother-PL DAT NEC

S087P

Segmented: Shele dilyu giye-tha-u=t, na so vöge-at=t,

Gloss: if skull find-PFV-PASS=DIR and 3IN smile-IPFV=DIR

S087A

Segmented: ru sovaran shiko-at=r; kuhi efon re=levö=r.

Gloss: then ancestor-PL laugh-IPFV=ASSUM bad day-PL PROSP=come=ASSUM

S088P

Segmented: Shele plonlye avö-at=t fiyasinu ve,

Gloss: if blood go.out-IPFV=DIR altar.stone ABL

S088A

Segmented: ru vöra me=göbi=r lave; sorepulyan re=löbi=r rulbelyate ke röve-tha=r so ta.

Gloss: then goddess RES=refuse=ASSUM offering custodian-PL PROSP=ask=ASSUM maternal.house REL allow-PFV=ASSUM 3IN NEC

S089P

Segmented: Shele lerarẅöflu ne thi-at=t lave le,

Gloss: if gallbladder NEG exist-IPFV=DIR offering LOC

S089A

Segmented: ru tharo re=örlye=r yemnyi düvyöte; sözhewin re=dhösha=r so-de ẅeli-de waslyengülyure ta.

Gloss: then army PROSP=receive=ASSUM bitter defeat mother-PL PROSP=decide=ASSUM 3IN-GEN captain-GEN mandate NEC

S090P

Segmented: Shele pölyi eslu-tha-u=t bilye silyo dho,

Gloss: if child bear-PFV-PASS=DIR excess limb COM

S090A

Segmented: ru liran re=thre=r pölyi ta; dödhewu re=lyüsö=r löle gewi ta; maẅi liran-de wure na=r blaki lu, na liran ne re=damfu=r pölyi ta.

Gloss: then person-PL PROSP=protect=ASSUM child NEC council PROSP=examine=ASSUM birth patient NEC other person-PL-GEN rumour ATTR=ASSUM false POSS and person-PL NEG PROSP=punish=ASSUM child NEC

S091P

Segmented: Shele lyuwi thi-at=t lave-de yazo le,

Gloss: if serpent exist-IPFV=DIR offering-GEN womb LOC

S091A

Segmented: ru elwi leru edhü-at=r rulbe ra lu; liran re=thre=r sözhewi na eyi pölyi ta, vene lin luẅidhe-omp=r.

Gloss: then strong ghost enter-IPFV=ASSUM lineage ALL POSS person-PL PROSP=protect=ASSUM mother and new child NEC before priest-PL interpret-COMPL=ASSUM

S092P

Segmented: Shele lave-de yoru zheyu-tha=t nolyu,

Gloss: if offering-GEN heart become-PFV=DIR stone

S092A

Segmented: ru tru ewöra me=zhamu=r nesishne; karasözhewin re=nöye=r sey vey re=zhönyü=r sey ta.

Gloss: then one officeholder RES=lose=ASSUM mercy clan.mother-PL PROSP=warn=ASSUM 3AN or PROSP=recall=ASSUM 3AN NEC

S093P

Segmented: Shele lyülyẅanyu thi-at=t lave-de lüru le,

Gloss: if fog exist-IPFV=DIR offering-GEN eye LOC

S093A

Segmented: ru söẅewösre me=mokö=r; rulbe-de nipünyiyun re=ble=r honuten röli ta, na re=mazhi=r fösite ta.

Gloss: then judgment RES=rot=ASSUM lineage-GEN ritual.court-PL PROSP=open=ASSUM hearing-PL again NEC and PROSP=keep=ASSUM testimony NEC

S094P

Segmented: Shele lave-de yelyun na=t zekasi,

Gloss: if offering-GEN ear-PL ATTR=DIR strange

S094A

Segmented: ru soren ne örlye-tha=r tru thösüte; sorepulyan re=lyüsö=r zanen ta.

Gloss: then sanctuary-PL NEG receive-PFV=ASSUM one petition custodian-PL PROSP=examine=ASSUM prayer-PL NEC

S095P

Segmented: Shele lizho ne thi-at=t lave-de raye le,

Gloss: if tongue NEG exist-IPFV=DIR offering-GEN mouth LOC

S095A

Segmented: ru liran fle-at=r lyüshe rölyo; sözhewin re=thre=r ẅayin na thösüte ta.

Gloss: then person-PL close-IPFV=ASSUM shared speech mother-PL PROSP=protect=ASSUM witness-PL and petition NEC

S096P

Segmented: Shele pölyi eslu-tha-u=t tolyun dho,

Gloss: if child bear-PFV-PASS=DIR horn-PL COM

S096A

Segmented: ru pölyi re=zheyu=r divathara lu; rulbelyate re=mürvu=r sey ta, na nözibe ne dhösha-at=r sey-de lyeyon.

Gloss: then child PROSP=become=ASSUM leader POSS maternal.house PROSP=bring.up=ASSUM 3AN NEC and omen NEG decide-IPFV=ASSUM 3AN-GEN year-PL

S097P

Segmented: Shele lyafon thi-at=t eyi pölyi-de lörüre le,

Gloss: if scale-PL exist-IPFV=DIR new child-GEN skin LOC

S097A

Segmented: ru nawi walu-de lümi lyaẅo thi-at=r sey le; liran re=löbi=r fongan na numiyan ta, na liran ne re=dhüpa=r pölyi ta.

Gloss: then deep ocean-GEN hidden bond exist-IPFV=ASSUM 3AN LOC person-PL PROSP=ask=ASSUM Phong-PL and Numi.whale-PL NEC and person-PL NEG PROSP=blame=ASSUM child NEC

S098P

Segmented: Shele lave-de plonlye na=t yeyo,

Gloss: if offering-GEN blood ATTR=DIR blue

S098A

Segmented: ru ulyi rulbe hesü-at-u=r; so-de nenan re=thre=r so-de liran na re=vome=r uyi ryofridhotivlashe ta.

Gloss: then senior lineage threaten-IPFV-PASS=ASSUM 3IN-GEN woman-PL PROSP=protect=ASSUM 3IN-GEN person-PL and PROSP=make=ASSUM true succession NEC

S099P

Segmented: Shele lave-de yazo na=t lyoru,

Gloss: if offering-GEN womb ATTR=DIR emptiness

S099A

Segmented: ru eyi rewose hesü-at-u=r; gihu, pleune na sözhewin-de na pölyin-de liyüthe re=örlye=r rathido ta.

Gloss: then new generation threaten-IPFV-PASS=ASSUM grain shelter and mother-PL-GEN and child-PL-GEN care PROSP=receive=ASSUM precedence NEC

S100P

Segmented: Shele liny lyuwi he-at-ely=t,

Gloss: if two serpent bind-IPFV-RECP=DIR

S100A

Segmented: ru shele seyan lüta-at=t, rüfete na pölyin re=özhe=r; shele seyan me=göro=t, rulbe re=freru=r lu, na lyate re=zhare=r vöran ta.

Gloss: then if 3AN.PL live-IPFV=DIR healing and child-PL PROSP=increase=ASSUM if 3AN.PL RES=die=DIR lineage PROSP=break=ASSUM POSS and house PROSP=worship=ASSUM goddess-PL NEC

S101P

Segmented: Shele wesen na gihun pire-at=t liye le,

Gloss: if water-PL and grain-PL travel-IPFV=DIR cycle LOC

S101A

Segmented: ru liye re=maye=r, shele lyaten mazhi-at=r son-de nyüdhöte na hinyöẅe-at-ely=r.

Gloss: then cycle PROSP=endure=ASSUM if house-PL keep-IPFV=ASSUM 3IN.PL-GEN duty and distribute-IPFV-RECP=ASSUM

S102P

Segmented: Shele lyoli pire-at=t maẅi lyögen le, na sey he-at=t son,

Gloss: if wanderer travel-IPFV=DIR other city-PL LOC and 3AN bind-IPFV=DIR 3IN.PL

S102A

Segmented: ru tru ya re=vome=r pölyso-de lyülelyumo eyi lu.

Gloss: then one mediator PROSP=make=ASSUM peace-GEN agreement new POSS

S103P

Segmented: Shele loẅin nare-at=t vörlun le,

Gloss: if people-PL dwell-IPFV=DIR border-PL LOC

S103A

Segmented: ru düẅute re=levö=r vörlu-de nariyan ve na lyatenali liran ve; dödhewu re=honu=r seyan-de thepaben ta.

Gloss: then change PROSP=come=ASSUM border-GEN kin-PL ABL and homeless person-PL ABL council PROSP=hear=ASSUM 3AN.PL-GEN claim-PL NEC

S104P

Segmented: Shele mo pire-at=t lyire ve,

Gloss: if current travel-IPFV=DIR lyira ABL

S104A

Segmented: ru lyiren re=lyonyu=r lyözo vey sorite; rulbelyaten re=de=r muröfiye na re=thre=r piretharan ta.

Gloss: then lyira-PL PROSP=bring=ASSUM wealth or danger maternal.house-PL PROSP=measure=ASSUM crossing and PROSP=protect=ASSUM pilgrim-PL NEC

S105P

Segmented: Shele lira honu-at=t maẅi lira-de tho,

Gloss: if person hear-IPFV=DIR other person-GEN thought

S105A

Segmented: ru fongan mina-at-ely=r süsernirẅu shi lu; dödhewu re=södhe=r tho zeyte ve ta.

Gloss: then Phong-PL speak-IPFV-RECP=ASSUM telepathy INS POSS council PROSP=record=ASSUM thought vision ABL NEC

S106P

Segmented: Shele ẅeshi liran ürze-tha=t ami go,

Gloss: if many person-PL dream-PFV=DIR same dream

S106A

Segmented: ru maẅi ẅayin re=döbi=r lyüshego ta, vene so he-at=r dödhewu.

Gloss: then other witness-PL PROSP=describe=ASSUM Shared.Dream NEC before 3IN bind-IPFV=ASSUM council

S107P

Segmented: Shele lira honu-at=t lyaven shulẅo le,

Gloss: if person hear-IPFV=DIR voice-PL wind LOC

S107A

Segmented: ru tru sovara mina-at=r lu; lin re=södhe=r lyave ke liran honu-tha=t, so-de toyete ve ta.

Gloss: then one ancestor speak-IPFV=ASSUM POSS priest-PL PROSP=record=ASSUM voice REL person-PL hear-PFV=DIR 3IN-GEN meaning ABL NEC

S108P

Segmented: Shele lira edhü-tha=t bo ra,

Gloss: if person enter-PFV=DIR mirror ALL

S108A

Segmented: ru sey re=pire=r matuklaru ra.

Gloss: then 3AN PROSP=travel=ASSUM other.world ALL

S109P

Segmented: Shele lira zey-tha=t sey-de gedhilye,

Gloss: if person see-PFV=DIR 3AN-GEN Shadow.Self

S109A

Segmented: ru sey re=göro=r, vey sey re=vire=r sey-de dhilye dho.

Gloss: then 3AN PROSP=die=ASSUM or 3AN PROSP=join=ASSUM 3AN-GEN self COM

S110P

Segmented: Shele liyu köte-at=t, day so ne nöre-at=t,

Gloss: if bush burn-IPFV=DIR but 3IN NEG fade-IPFV=DIR

S110A

Segmented: ru tru vöra sre-at-om=r.

Gloss: then one goddess reveal-IPFV-REFL=ASSUM

S111P

Segmented: Shele ẅepidhönywe thi-isk=t nolyu le,

Gloss: if inscription exist-INCEP=DIR stone LOC

S111A

Segmented: ru shayödi lablörlordhülo re=zheyu=r eyi lu; day liran re=pabi=r so karasözhewin nye ta.

Gloss: then ancient law PROSP=become=ASSUM new POSS but person-PL PROSP=read.aloud=ASSUM 3IN clan.mother-PL DAT NEC

S112P

Segmented: Shele solyu thi-isk=t wese le,

Gloss: if face exist-INCEP=DIR water LOC

S112A

Segmented: ru tru leru zey-at=r.

Gloss: then one ghost see-IPFV=ASSUM

S113P

Segmented: Shele shulẅo yaye-at=t tru melyo,

Gloss: if wind say-IPFV=DIR one name

S113A

Segmented: ru melyo ke liran honu-tha=t re=vane=r tru lira nyüdhöte ra lu; rulbelyate re=dönye=r thepabe ta.

Gloss: then name REL person-PL hear-PFV=DIR PROSP=invite=ASSUM one person duty ALL POSS maternal.house PROSP=judge=ASSUM claim NEC

S114P

Segmented: Shele wo dhule-tha=t, na yore ne thi-at=t,

Gloss: if silence fall-PFV=DIR and sound NEG exist-IPFV=DIR

S114A

Segmented: ru röpti zamu re=nöre=r lu; rulbelyaten re=thre=r pölyin, melyon, gihu na reyon ta, vene eyi dödhewu vire-at=r.

Gloss: then great season PROSP=fade=ASSUM POSS maternal.house-PL PROSP=protect=ASSUM child-PL name-PL grain and archive-PL NEC before new council join-IPFV=ASSUM

After the capital had fallen, Pleune remained standing beside the Esuosi marsh. The voices in this poem belong to Saẅi, a scribe of a maternal house, and to reports repeated after the siege. One account says that the people who escaped left the world altogether.

I. The two waters

B01 Esuosi le, no lowiatt rokge le. B02 Pleunede lyonye thiatt rokgede hadhe le. B03 Wipun moleatt avi wese le. B04 Thoren lowiatt nyavu le. B05 Kelythokohu dheẅiatt yu le. B06 Fiẅe lureatt lolu le. B07 Töno tizethat; tönolye lowiatt.

Mist lay over Esuosi before the watch changed. Pleune stood with its back to the marsh. Reeds stood in the shallow water. Yesterday’s footprints remained in the mud. The six-clan banner hung above the wet gate. In the tower a little covered lamp was still alight. The bell sounded, and the note hung on afterwards.

II. The earth of the truce

B08 Nyuraket Pleunede karasözhewi. B09 Saẅi södheatt melyon nyahe le. B10 Lyema slethat föle Pleune ra. B11 Nyura ranüthat ẅaro. B12 Nyura södhethat föle. B13 Narshaliyan deyuthan dhethu. B14 Saẅi zeythat nyavu dhethu le. B15 Dhethu es lilyẅe.

Nyura was a clan mother of Pleune. Saẅi was writing names in the household book. A courier brought the rolled truce. Nyura touched the council seal. She wrote out the truce. Under the truce, the northern soldiers packed the moat with earth. Saẅi saw the fresh earth in the moat, black with water. The ditch had become a road.

III. Counting the children

B16 Ophalrhande karasözhewi slethan kohu Narshaliyan nye. B17 Sey srelgothan. B18 Nyura ne södhethat srelgote. B19 Saẅi södhethat melyon. B20 Gihu ne thiats nu le. B21 “Södheim melyon.” B22 Saẅi södheatt melyon; Nyura yeatt pölyin.

Across the channel a mother of Ophalrhan took her house banner to the besiegers. By morning that house had changed allegiance. Nyura did not write down that the house had gone over. Saẅi wrote the names. There was almost no grain left to divide. “Write the names.” Saẅi went on writing names. Nyura counted the children.

IV. The sluice

B23 Ẅöru le, Narshaliyan pirethan Pleune ra. B24 Rüwun freruthat yu le. B25 Narshaliyan plökuthan rüwun. B26 Salupron plökuthat nyavu. B27 Kohu zurstithat rokge le. B28 Nyura lyarmothat rokgeẅone. B29 Wese piretha·l·zazhuthat dhethu. B30 Gihu lyüẅeatt wese le. B31 Fiẅe ne lureatt lolu le. B32 Zöẅe lowiatt wipu le.

At the evening watch the northern army came back. The sharp stakes broke at their roots. The northerners were said to be hacking at the stakes. Shots came down in the mud. A banner fell into the reeds. Nyura lifted the marsh sluice. The water returned to the earth-packed ditch, covered it, and went on. Grain floated through the breached stores. The lamp in the tower was out. A little light still caught on one reed.

V. The gate behind the gate

B33 Nyura blethat yu. B34 Ẅowüyi ünimeatt pölyin enyu shi. B35 Saẅi slethat nyahe. B36 Saẅi rüwithat vo. B37 Nyura ne pirethat enyu shi. B38 Nyura welyathat rarüzo; sey flethat yu. B39 Enyun lyüẅeatt wipun le. B40 Töno tizethat. B41 Tönolye lowiats Esuosi le. B42 Saẅi ne zeythat Nyura.

Nyura opened the back gate for the people. A ferrywoman brought the children through the channels. Saẅi carried the household book. Beneath her cloak she kept the sacred book dry. Nyura did not get into the boat. She freed the rope and closed the gate before the boat turned. The boats drifted among the reeds without a lantern. The bell rang once more. Over Esuosi the sound was slower to die. Saẅi did not see Nyura again.

VI. The road of the moon

B43 Fongali södhethan sulolilyẅe. B44 Moletharan pirethan sulo ra. B45 Sulover lilyẅe. B46 Saẅi ne zeythat lilyẅe lyafüru le. B47 Sulolye thiatt rokge le. B48 Enyun ne thiatt rokge le. B49 Sowe moleats wese le. B50 Nyurade nyawo moleatt nyavu le. B51 Saẅi zeythat nyawo; sey ne zeythat thoren. B52 Sulolye nörethat. B53 Melyon moleatt nyahe le. B54 Saẅi södhethat Nyurade melyo nyahe le.

A Phong priest later wrote that the moon had a road. From that came the story that the last people of Pleune went to the moon. The moon might be a road. Saẅi, who had been there, saw no road in the sky. The moon stood in the water of Esuosi. By morning there were no boats to be found. There was still a wake on the water. Nyura’s sandal lay in the mud. Saẅi found the sandal. There were no footprints beside it. Then the moon in the water broke up and was gone. The names were still in the book. Saẅi added Nyura’s name.

Sentence apparatus

Direct =t marks what the scribe remembers seeing; reportative =n marks what others said, including the story of the moon. Inference is marked =s. The analytical line shows the morphology that the running text joins up.

B01 · toponym; locative; direct imperfective

Khélai: Esuosi le, no lowiatt rokge le.

Segmentation: Esuosi le, no lowi-at=t rokge le.

Literal: At Esuosi, mist lingers in the marsh (witnessed).

Literary: Mist lay over Esuosi before the watch changed.

B02 · genitive; existential; nested location

Khélai: Pleunede lyonye thiatt rokgede hadhe le.

Segmentation: Pleune-de lyonye thi-at=t rokge-de hadhe le.

Literal: The fortress of Pleune stands on the shore of the marsh (witnessed).

Literary: Pleune stood with its back to the marsh.

B03 · plural; adjectival modifier; witnessed scene

Khélai: Wipun moleatt avi wese le.

Segmentation: Wipu-n mole-at=t avi wese le.

Literal: Reeds remain in shallow water (witnessed).

Literary: Reeds stood in the shallow water.

B04 · imperfective; plural; locative

Khélai: Thoren lowiatt nyavu le.

Segmentation: Thore-n lowi-at=t nyavu le.

Literal: Footprints linger in mud (witnessed).

Literary: Yesterday’s footprints remained in the mud.

B05 · generated verb; compound; location

Khélai: Kelythokohu dheẅiatt yu le.

Segmentation: Kelythokohu dheẅi-at=t yu le.

Literal: The imperial banner hangs at the gate (witnessed).

Literary: The six-clan banner hung above the wet gate.

B06 · facet word; direct evidential

Khélai: Fiẅe lureatt lolu le.

Segmentation: Fiẅe lure-at=t lolu le.

Literal: A marsh lamp shines at the tower (witnessed).

Literary: In the tower a little covered lamp was still alight.

B07 · perfective, then imperfective; after-sound noun

Khélai: Töno tizethat; tönolye lowiatt.

Segmentation: Töno tize-tha=t; tönolye lowi-at=t.

Literal: The bell rings once; its after-sound continues (witnessed).

Literary: The bell sounded, and the note hung on afterwards.

B08 · equation; matrilineal office; personal name

Khélai: Nyuraket Pleunede karasözhewi.

Segmentation: Nyura-k-e=t Pleune-de karasözhewi.

Literal: Nyura is a clan mother of Pleune (witnessed).

Literary: Nyura was a clan mother of Pleune.

B09 · scribe; SVO; locative

Khélai: Saẅi södheatt melyon nyahe le.

Segmentation: Saẅi södhe-at=t melyo-n nyahe le.

Literal: Saẅi records names in the household book (witnessed).

Literary: Saẅi was writing names in the household book.

B10 · allative; treaty noun; perfective

Khélai: Lyema slethat föle Pleune ra.

Segmentation: Lyema sle-tha=t föle Pleune ra.

Literal: A courier carries a truce document to Pleune (witnessed).

Literary: A courier brought the rolled truce.

B11 · perfective; new council term

Khélai: Nyura ranüthat ẅaro.

Segmentation: Nyura ranü-tha=t ẅaro.

Literal: Nyura touches the council seal lightly (witnessed).

Literary: Nyura touched the council seal.

B12 · perfective; legal record

Khélai: Nyura södhethat föle.

Segmentation: Nyura södhe-tha=t föle.

Literal: Nyura records the truce (witnessed).

Literary: She wrote out the truce.

B13 · reportative; siege verb

Khélai: Narshaliyan deyuthan dhethu.

Segmentation: Narshaliya-n deyu-tha=n dhethu.

Literal: The Narshalye reportedly filled the defensive moat with earth.

Literary: Under the truce, the northern soldiers packed the moat with earth.

B14 · direct evidence beside a reported action

Khélai: Saẅi zeythat nyavu dhethu le.

Segmentation: Saẅi zey-tha=t nyavu dhethu le.

Literal: Saẅi saw mud in the moat (witnessed).

Literary: Saẅi saw the fresh earth in the moat, black with water.

B15 · inferential equation

Khélai: Dhethu es lilyẅe.

Segmentation: Dhethu e=s lilyẅe.

Literal: The defensive ditch is apparently a road (inferred).

Literary: The ditch had become a road.

B16 · reported defection; genitive; dative

Khélai: Ophalrhande karasözhewi slethan kohu Narshaliyan nye.

Segmentation: Ophalrhan-de karasözhewi sle-tha=n kohu Narshaliya-n nye.

Literal: An Ophalrhan clan mother reportedly carried a war banner to the Narshalye.

Literary: Across the channel a mother of Ophalrhan took her house banner to the besiegers.

B17 · reportative; neutral verb of allegiance

Khélai: Sey srelgothan.

Segmentation: Sey srelgo-tha=n.

Literal: She reportedly changed allegiance.

Literary: By morning that house had changed allegiance.

B18 · negation; legal term

Khélai: Nyura ne södhethat srelgote.

Segmentation: Nyura ne södhe-tha=t srelgote.

Literal: Nyura did not record a change of allegiance (witnessed).

Literary: Nyura did not write down that the house had gone over.

B19 · perfective; plural object

Khélai: Saẅi södhethat melyon.

Segmentation: Saẅi södhe-tha=t melyo-n.

Literal: Saẅi recorded the names (witnessed).

Literary: Saẅi wrote the names.

B20 · negative existential; inferential; scarcity

Khélai: Gihu ne thiats nu le.

Segmentation: Gihu ne thi-at=s nu le.

Literal: Grain apparently does not remain in the granary.

Literary: There was almost no grain left to divide.

B21 · imperative; quoted speech; no evidential

Khélai: “Södheim melyon.”

Segmentation: “Södhe-im melyo-n.”

Literal: “Write the names!” (imperative).

Literary: “Write the names.”

B22 · two clauses; change of subject; imperfective

Khélai: Saẅi södheatt melyon; Nyura yeatt pölyin.

Segmentation: Saẅi södhe-at=t melyo-n; Nyura ye-at=t pölyi-n.

Literal: Saẅi records names; Nyura counts children (witnessed).

Literary: Saẅi went on writing names. Nyura counted the children.

B23 · time locative; reported movement

Khélai: Ẅöru le, Narshaliyan pirethan Pleune ra.

Segmentation: Ẅöru le, Narshaliya-n pire-tha=n Pleune ra.

Literal: At evening watch the Narshalye reportedly moved toward Pleune.

Literary: At the evening watch the northern army came back.

B24 · edge vocabulary; perfective rupture

Khélai: Rüwun freruthat yu le.

Segmentation: Rüwu-n freru-tha=t yu le.

Literal: Palisade stakes split at the gate (witnessed).

Literary: The sharpened stakes broke at their roots.

B25 · reportative; violent verb

Khélai: Narshaliyan plökuthan rüwun.

Segmentation: Narshaliya-n plöku-tha=n rüwu-n.

Literal: The Narshalye reportedly struck the palisade stakes.

Literary: The northerners were said to be hacking at the stakes.

B26 · edge consonants; witnessed impact

Khélai: Salupron plökuthat nyavu.

Segmentation: Salupro-n plöku-tha=t nyavu.

Literal: Shots struck the mud (witnessed).

Literary: Shots came down in the mud.

B27 · edge verb; locative

Khélai: Kohu zurstithat rokge le.

Segmentation: Kohu zursti-tha=t rokge le.

Literal: A banner sinks into the marsh (witnessed).

Literary: A banner fell into the reeds.

B28 · perfective; maternal authority

Khélai: Nyura lyarmothat rokgeẅone.

Segmentation: Nyura lyarmo-tha=t rokgeẅone.

Literal: Nyura releases the marsh sluice (witnessed).

Literary: Nyura lifted the marsh sluice.

B29 · sequential chain; one evidential; intransitive plus transitive predicate

Khélai: Wese piretha·l·zazhuthat dhethu.

Segmentation: Wese pire-tha=l=zazhu-tha=t dhethu.

Literal: The water moves, then inundates the defensive ditch (one direct evidential over a same-subject mixed-valency chain).

Literary: The water returned to the earth-packed ditch, covered it, and went on.

B30 · imperfective; locative

Khélai: Gihu lyüẅeatt wese le.

Segmentation: Gihu lyüẅe-at=t wese le.

Literal: Grain drifts in the water (witnessed).

Literary: Grain floated through the breached stores.

B31 · negation; repeated image

Khélai: Fiẅe ne lureatt lolu le.

Segmentation: Fiẅe ne lure-at=t lolu le.

Literal: The marsh lamp does not shine in the tower (witnessed).

Literary: The lamp in the tower was out.

B32 · imperfective; quiet consonants after the attack

Khélai: Zöẅe lowiatt wipu le.

Segmentation: Zöẅe lowi-at=t wipu le.

Literal: A glint stays on a reed (witnessed).

Literary: A little light still caught on one reed.

B33 · perfective; a second gate, not the sluice

Khélai: Nyura blethat yu.

Segmentation: Nyura ble-tha=t yu.

Literal: Nyura opened the gate (witnessed).

Literary: Nyura opened the back gate for the people.

B34 · animate agent; plural object; instrumental

Khélai: Ẅowüyi ünimeatt pölyin enyu shi.

Segmentation: Ẅowüyi ünime-at=t pölyi-n enyu shi.

Literal: The ferrywoman ferries children by boat (witnessed).

Literary: A ferrywoman brought the children through the channels.

B35 · perfective; object

Khélai: Saẅi slethat nyahe.

Segmentation: Saẅi sle-tha=t nyahe.

Literal: Saẅi carries the household book (witnessed).

Literary: Saẅi carried the household book.

B36 · perfective; verb of care

Khélai: Saẅi rüwithat vo.

Segmentation: Saẅi rüwi-tha=t vo.

Literal: Saẅi shelters the scripture-book (witnessed).

Literary: Beneath her cloak she kept the sacred book dry.

B37 · negation; instrumental

Khélai: Nyura ne pirethat enyu shi.

Segmentation: Nyura ne pire-tha=t enyu shi.

Literal: Nyura did not travel by boat (witnessed).

Literary: Nyura did not get into the boat.

B38 · two complete clauses; no improper chain

Khélai: Nyura welyathat rarüzo; sey flethat yu.

Segmentation: Nyura welya-tha=t rarüzo; sey fle-tha=t yu.

Literal: Nyura loosened the rope; she shut the gate (witnessed).

Literary: She freed the rope and closed the gate before the boat turned.

B39 · uncontrolled motion; plural

Khélai: Enyun lyüẅeatt wipun le.

Segmentation: Enyu-n lyüẅe-at=t wipu-n le.

Literal: Boats drift among the reeds (witnessed).

Literary: The boats drifted among the reeds without a lantern.

B40 · refrain; perfective

Khélai: Töno tizethat.

Segmentation: Töno tize-tha=t.

Literal: The bell rang once (witnessed).

Literary: The bell rang once more.

B41 · inference; lexicalised after-sound

Khélai: Tönolye lowiats Esuosi le.

Segmentation: Tönolye lowi-at=s Esuosi le.

Literal: The after-sound apparently remained in Esuosi.

Literary: Over Esuosi the sound was slower to die.

B42 · negation; personal name as object

Khélai: Saẅi ne zeythat Nyura.

Segmentation: Saẅi ne zey-tha=t Nyura.

Literal: Saẅi did not see Nyura (witnessed).

Literary: Saẅi did not see Nyura again.

B43 · reported priestly testimony; moon-path noun

Khélai: Fongali södhethan sulolilyẅe.

Segmentation: Fongali södhe-tha=n sulolilyẅe.

Literal: A Phong priest reportedly recorded the moon-path.

Literary: A Phong priest later wrote that the moon had a road.

B44 · reportative; collective tradition; allative

Khélai: Moletharan pirethan sulo ra.

Segmentation: Molethara-n pire-tha=n sulo ra.

Literal: The survivors reportedly travelled toward the moon.

Literary: From that came the story that the last people of Pleune went to the moon.

B45 · assumptive evidential; inherited V-class liaison; conjectural image

Khélai: Sulover lilyẅe.

Segmentation: Sulo-v-e=r lilyẅe.

Literal: The moon is provisionally taken to be a road (assumptive, with licensed V liaison).

Literary: The moon might be a road.

B46 · negative direct evidence; source contrast

Khélai: Saẅi ne zeythat lilyẅe lyafüru le.

Segmentation: Saẅi ne zey-tha=t lilyẅe lyafüru le.

Literal: Saẅi did not witness a path in the sky.

Literary: Saẅi, who had been there, saw no road in the sky.

B47 · image noun; existential

Khélai: Sulolye thiatt rokge le.

Segmentation: Sulolye thi-at=t rokge le.

Literal: The moon-image is present in the marsh (witnessed).

Literary: The moon stood in the water of Esuosi.

B48 · negative existential; imperfective

Khélai: Enyun ne thiatt rokge le.

Segmentation: Enyu-n ne thi-at=t rokge le.

Literal: The boats were not in the marsh (witnessed).

Literary: By morning there were no boats to be found.

B49 · inferential; transient evidence

Khélai: Sowe moleats wese le.

Segmentation: Sowe mole-at=s wese le.

Literal: A wake apparently remained in the water.

Literary: There was still a wake on the water.

B50 · genitive; material evidence

Khélai: Nyurade nyawo moleatt nyavu le.

Segmentation: Nyura-de nyawo mole-at=t nyavu le.

Literal: Nyura’s sandal remains in the mud (witnessed).

Literary: Nyura’s sandal lay in the mud.

B51 · parallelism; witnessed contrast

Khélai: Saẅi zeythat nyawo; sey ne zeythat thoren.

Segmentation: Saẅi zey-tha=t nyawo; sey ne zey-tha=t thore-n.

Literal: Saẅi saw the sandal; she did not see footprints (witnessed).

Literary: Saẅi found the sandal. There were no footprints beside it.

B52 · perfective; image noun

Khélai: Sulolye nörethat.

Segmentation: Sulolye nöre-tha=t.

Literal: The reflection of the moon faded (witnessed).

Literary: Then the moon in the water broke up and was gone.

B53 · plural; imperfective

Khélai: Melyon moleatt nyahe le.

Segmentation: Melyo-n mole-at=t nyahe le.

Literal: Names remain in the household book (witnessed).

Literary: The names were still in the book.

B54 · perfective; genitive; locative

Khélai: Saẅi södhethat Nyurade melyo nyahe le.

Segmentation: Saẅi södhe-tha=t Nyura-de melyo nyahe le.

Literal: Saẅi wrote Nyura’s name in the household book (witnessed).

Literary: Saẅi added Nyura’s name.

Form	Meaning	Part of speech	Class
nay	I, me	pronoun	—
nayan	we, us	pronoun	—
du	you	pronoun	—
dun	you (plural)	pronoun	—
sey	he, she, they (singular animate)	pronoun	animate
seyan	they (animate)	pronoun	animate
so	it	pronoun	inanimate
son	they (inanimate)	pronoun	inanimate
hal	who	interrogative	—
mush	what	interrogative	—
vö	where	interrogative	—
she	when	interrogative	—
dha	why	interrogative	—
ẅe	how	interrogative	—
preny	how many	interrogative	—
sa	this	demonstrative	—
su	that	demonstrative	—
sani	these	demonstrative	—
suni	those	demonstrative	—
shey	topic marker	discourse particle	—
kom	focus marker	discourse particle	—
na	and; also an attributive copula before a predicate adjective	conjunction/copula	—
day	but	conjunction	—
vey	or	conjunction	—
shele	if	conjunction	—
ru	then	conjunction	—
mena	because	conjunction	—
nure	while	conjunction	—
gelen	after	conjunction	—
vene	before	conjunction	—
ne	not	particle	—
ta	must, necessity	particle	—
lu	may, possibility	particle	—
the	intend, want; complementiser	particle	—
ke	relative clause marker	particle	—
le	at, in, on	postposition	—
ra	to, toward, into	postposition	—
ve	from, away from	postposition	—
shi	by means of	postposition	—
nye	to, for	postposition	—
dho	with, alongside	postposition	—
-n	plural	suffix	—
-de	genitive	suffix	—
-tha	perfective	verbal aspect suffix	—
-at	imperfective	verbal aspect suffix	—
-ush	habitual	verbal aspect suffix	—
-isk	inceptive	verbal aspect suffix	—
-omp	completive	verbal aspect suffix	—
-im	imperative	verbal mood suffix	—
re=	prospective	preverbal particle	—
me=	resultative	preverbal particle	—
-iv	causative	verbal valency suffix	—
-u	passive	verbal valency suffix	—
-ely	reciprocal	verbal valency suffix	—
-om	reflexive	verbal valency suffix	—
=t	direct evidence	evidential clitic	—
=n	reportative evidence	evidential clitic	—
=s	inferential evidence	evidential clitic	—
=r	assumptive evidence	evidential clitic	—
=l=	same-subject sequential	clause-chain clitic	—
=r=	same-subject simultaneous	clause-chain clitic	—
-thar	agentive	derivational suffix	animate
-te	abstractive	derivational suffix	inanimate
thi	exist, be present	copula/verb	—
e	be, equal, be identical to	copula	—
Khélmelai	oldest goddess; eponym of the first imperial alliance	proper name	fossilised
Ophalrhan	water-associated goddess; eponym of the nomadic clan	proper name	fossilised
Sévadrai	goddess; eponym of the army-bearing clan	proper name	fossilised
Azravor	youngest goddess in the main line; eponym of a sanctuary	proper name	fossilised
Róskaï	goddess; eponym of the parallel alliance	proper name	fossilised
Lunetyen	goddess; child of Róskaï	proper name	fossilised
kelya	Hyperborean	noun	animate -a
fonga	Phong	noun	animate -a
numiya	Numi whale	noun	animate -a
lira	person	noun	animate -a
dhavi	worker, retainer	noun	animate -i
kara	clan, lineage, corporate kin-group	noun	animate -a
ravaya	nomad, wayfarer	noun	animate -a
lyara	soul	noun	animate -a
nariya	kin, relative	noun	animate -a
vöra	goddess	noun	animate -a
sovara	ancestor	noun	animate -a
shali	animal spirit	noun	animate -i
wese	water	noun	inanimate -e
sulo	moon	noun	inanimate -o
prage	ark, great vessel	noun	inanimate -e
rume	ruin, remains	noun	inanimate -e
ithire	mountain region	noun	inanimate -e
Nemore	Némorath, meadowland	proper noun	inanimate -e
thare	earth, soil	noun	inanimate -e
sare	air, breath	noun	inanimate -e
dhu	darkness, night	noun	inanimate -u
fare	fire	noun	inanimate -e
yore	sound, resonance	noun	inanimate -e
walu	ocean, open water	noun	inanimate -u
tharo	army, host	noun	inanimate -o
sore	sanctuary, sacred precinct	noun	inanimate -e
fure	fur, coat	noun	inanimate -e
nöru	beak	noun	inanimate -u
saro	star	noun	inanimate -o
sharo	celestial body	noun	inanimate -o
kelytho	empire, imperial order	noun	inanimate -o
zore	flower, blossom	noun	inanimate -e
zane	prayer, ritual utterance	noun	inanimate -e
nyere	puzzle, riddle, design; as a verb, conceive, devise; secret name of Khélmelai	noun/verb	inanimate -e as noun
thore	footprint, track; secret name of Ophalrhan	noun	inanimate -e
zhore	sword; secret name of Sévadrai	noun	inanimate -e
kore	cave, hollow; secret name of Azravor	noun	inanimate -e
shoro	obsidian; secret name of Róskaï	noun	inanimate -o
lyöre	opal mead; secret name of Lunetyen	noun	inanimate -e
zey	see, witness	verb	—
nare	dwell, live in a place	verb	—
zire	awaken, stir into life	verb	—
pire	travel, move	verb	—
vome	make, create, establish	verb	—
fale	know, understand	verb	—
zhare	worship, propitiate	verb	—
dare	descend, land	verb	—
vire	join, unite	verb	—
shale	fight, feud	verb	—
zare	seek	verb	—
vane	invite, summon into an alliance	verb	—
yave	admit, incorporate into an institution	verb	—
mole	remain, stay	verb	—
lure	shine, radiate	verb	—
nöre	fade, dissipate; fleeting, transient	verb/adjective	—
vösi	delicate, beautiful	adjective	—
luri	luminous, bright	adjective	—
nyeli	telepathic, mind-linked	adjective	—
rori	long, extended	adjective	—
miri	little, scant	adjective	—
pirete	journey, pilgrimage	noun	inanimate -e
falete	knowledge, learning	noun	inanimate -e
nörete	transience	noun	inanimate -e
tru	one	numeral	—
liny	two	numeral	—
a	three	numeral	—
nin	four	numeral	—
pre	five	numeral	—
ho	six	numeral	—
zu	seven	numeral	—
bu	eight	numeral	—
to	nine	numeral	—
er	ten	numeral	—
ha	eleven	numeral	—
thral	twelve	numeral	—
lyi	healer	noun	animate -i
shre	scatter	verb	—
fle	close	verb	—
li	priest	noun	animate -i
sre	reveal	verb	—
thre	protect	verb	—
nya	artisan	noun	animate -a
ẅu	lagoon	noun	inanimate -u
no	mist	noun	inanimate -o
ralyi	secret	adjective	—
bo	mirror	noun	inanimate -o
dayi	fragile	adjective	—
öno	loom	noun	inanimate -o
ki	scribe	noun	animate -i
ge	shadow	noun	inanimate -e
sera	teacher	noun	animate -a
zi	exile	noun	animate -i
büre	hearth	noun	inanimate -e
de	measure	verb	—
re	carve	verb	—
ro	ink	noun	inanimate -o
lali	gentle	adjective	—
üpe	promise	verb	—
nu	granary	noun	inanimate -u
he	bind	verb	—
ze	crystal	noun	inanimate -e
go	dream	noun	inanimate -o
fu	coast	noun	inanimate -u
nami	sweet	adjective	—
lyo	standard	noun	inanimate -o
hagewu	snow	noun	inanimate -u
fre	conceal	verb	—
mamemli	scout	noun	animate -i
yu	gate	noun	inanimate -u
povi	brittle	adjective	—
ble	open	verb	—
ẅeli	captain	noun	animate -i
pawu	grief	noun	inanimate -u
towifru	joy	noun	inanimate -u
wo	silence	noun	inanimate -o
rudhe	anchor	verb	—
maye	endure	verb	—
gu	stream	noun	inanimate -u
leso	altar	noun	inanimate -o
söyne	dive	verb	—
nezhi	restless	adjective	—
dhüli	swift	adjective	—
ye	count	verb	—
nyane	divide	verb	—
nipe	mend	verb	—
södhe	record	verb	—
luye	tide	noun	inanimate -e
ẅayi	witness	noun	animate -i
köẅi	distant	adjective	—
shethi	warm	adjective	—
tize	sing	verb	—
söfi	silent	adjective	—
fru	signal	noun	inanimate -u
lave	offering	noun	inanimate -e
nyu	basket	noun	inanimate -u
ürze	dream	verb	—
nözibe	omen	noun	inanimate -e
yemnyi	bitter	adjective	—
gewi	patient	adjective	—
te	lamp	noun	inanimate -e
yone	freeze	verb	—
dhe	garden	noun	inanimate -e
pe	lens	noun	inanimate -e
röke	inhale	verb	—
zho	fuel	noun	inanimate -o
me	forget	verb	—
isle	sail	verb	—
kre	lift	verb	—
lathi	cold	adjective	—
rokge	marsh	noun	inanimate -e
möze	trace	verb	—
lye	tablet	noun	inanimate -e
rükhawu	island	noun	inanimate -u
we	compass	noun	inanimate -e
hadhe	shore	noun	inanimate -e
zusha	guard	noun	animate -a
dhani	narrow	adjective	—
üme	ignite	verb	—
rikse	salt	noun	inanimate -e
fe	cup	noun	inanimate -e
kle	polish	verb	—
tohtethu	river	noun	inanimate -u
shrete	scattering; act of scattering	noun	inanimate -e
ku	memory	noun	inanimate -u
ma	apprentice	noun	animate -a
örlye	receive	verb	—
rika	envoy	noun	animate -a
gömiye	wall	noun	inanimate -e
sle	carry	verb	—
lyu	scroll	noun	inanimate -u
mo	current	noun	inanimate -o
lo	oath	noun	inanimate -o
vre	extinguish	verb	—
woshwu	cloud	noun	inanimate -u
be	copy	verb	—
nesishne	mercy	noun	inanimate -e
nezhite	restlessness; quality of being restless	noun	inanimate -e
fökle	chart	noun	inanimate -e
liosi	priest-related	adjective	—
tenali	without lamp; lacking lamp	adjective	—
wu	bread	noun	inanimate -u
ple	shelter	verb	—
senali	without riverbank; lacking riverbank	adjective	—
ẅo	bridge	noun	inanimate -o
lyonye	fortress	noun	inanimate -e
zo	echo	noun	inanimate -o
vle	weave	verb	—
tho	thought	noun	inanimate -o
flete	closing; act of closing	noun	inanimate -e
tre	gather	verb	—
lümi	hidden	adjective	—
moosi	current-related	adjective	—
gari	messenger	noun	animate -i
kazhe	exhale	verb	—
mülke	swim	verb	—
nawi	deep	adjective	—
avi	shallow	adjective	—
dönye	judge	verb	—
zhe	remember	verb	—
vrethara	practitioner of extinguishing	noun	animate -a
lyoosi	standard-related	adjective	—
ẅunali	without lagoon; lacking lagoon	adjective	—
zhete	remembering; act of remembering	noun	inanimate -e
wuosi	bread-related	adjective	—
geosi	shadow-related	adjective	—
fruosi	signal-related	adjective	—
möve	rain	noun	inanimate -e
teosi	lamp-related	adjective	—
nyaosi	artisan-related	adjective	—
se	riverbank	noun	inanimate -e
monali	without current; lacking current	adjective	—
yuzha	sailor	noun	animate -a
flethara	practitioner of closing	noun	animate -a
södhethara	practitioner of recording	noun	animate -a
lyunali	without scroll; lacking scroll	adjective	—
frete	concealing; act of concealing	noun	inanimate -e
rüfe	heal	verb	—
nöki	heavy	adjective	—
kulete	melting; act of melting	noun	inanimate -e
thumfa	fisher	noun	animate -a
threthara	practitioner of protecting	noun	animate -a
gariosi	messenger-related	adjective	—
ümethara	practitioner of igniting	noun	animate -a
gize	forest	noun	inanimate -e
gihu	grain	noun	inanimate -u
rarüzo	rope	noun	inanimate -o
luwo	reef	noun	inanimate -o
thoosi	thought-related	adjective	—
yunali	without gate; lacking gate	adjective	—
shisgete	chanting; act of chanting	noun	inanimate -e
rökete	inhaling; act of inhaling	noun	inanimate -e
fuosi	coast-related	adjective	—
luyeosi	tide-related	adjective	—
mövenali	without rain; lacking rain	adjective	—
kuosi	memory-related	adjective	—
gihuosi	grain-related	adjective	—
shilyenyo	pattern	noun	inanimate -o
noosi	mist-related	adjective	—
nyimunali	without roof; lacking roof	adjective	—
islete	sailing; act of sailing	noun	inanimate -e
nyimu	roof	noun	inanimate -u
köẅite	distantness; quality of being distant	noun	inanimate -e
önonali	without loom; lacking loom	adjective	—
nuosi	granary-related	adjective	—
srete	revealing; act of revealing	noun	inanimate -e
daslye	surface	verb	—
üpethara	practitioner of promising	noun	animate -a
dethara	practitioner of measuring	noun	animate -a
dheri	hollow	adjective	—
söynethara	practitioner of diving	noun	animate -a
tönyi	broad	adjective	—
kule	melt	verb	—
shisge	chant	verb	—
yuzhaosi	sailor-related	adjective	—
feosi	cup-related	adjective	—
möto	road	noun	inanimate -o
hagewunali	without snow; lacking snow	adjective	—
gewite	patientness; quality of being patient	noun	inanimate -e
dönyethara	practitioner of judging	noun	animate -a
rudhete	anchoring; act of anchoring	noun	inanimate -e
woshwunali	without cloud; lacking cloud	adjective	—
bürenali	without hearth; lacking hearth	adjective	—
rikseosi	salt-related	adjective	—
üpete	promising; act of promising	noun	inanimate -e
farezho	fire fuel	noun	inanimate -o
srethara	practitioner of revealing	noun	animate -a
sareno	air mist	noun	inanimate -o
mötonali	without road; lacking road	adjective	—
blete	opening; act of opening	noun	inanimate -e
ziosi	exile-related	adjective	—
ẅeliosi	captain-related	adjective	—
ẅoosi	bridge-related	adjective	—
seosi	riverbank-related	adjective	—
karaki	clan scribe	noun	animate -i
mülkete	swimming; act of swimming	noun	inanimate -e
nawite	deepness; quality of being deep	noun	inanimate -e
hete	binding; act of binding	noun	inanimate -e
zanebo	prayer mirror	noun	inanimate -o
söfite	silentness; quality of being silent	noun	inanimate -e
löfole	ice	noun	inanimate -e
shethite	warmness; quality of being warm	noun	inanimate -e
ümete	igniting; act of igniting	noun	inanimate -e
weseẅu	water lagoon	noun	inanimate -u
gunali	without stream; lacking stream	adjective	—
olodhe	mechanism	noun	inanimate -e
rete	carving; act of carving	noun	inanimate -e
slethara	practitioner of carrying	noun	animate -a
dhenyözhenpra	elder	noun	animate -a
lyiosi	healer-related	adjective	—
nyanethara	practitioner of dividing	noun	animate -a
thorebo	footprint mirror	noun	inanimate -o
mamemliosi	scout-related	adjective	—
woosi	silence-related	adjective	—
lyuosi	scroll-related	adjective	—
farete	fire lamp	noun	inanimate -e
wesefe	water cup	noun	inanimate -e
daslyethara	practitioner of surfacing	noun	animate -a
lyöreleso	opal-mead altar	noun	inanimate -o
yonete	freezing; act of freezing	noun	inanimate -e
kelytholo	imperial oath	noun	inanimate -o
zoredhe	flower garden	noun	inanimate -e
vlete	weaving; act of weaving	noun	inanimate -e
büreosi	hearth-related	adjective	—
shalilave	animal-spirit offering	noun	inanimate -e
thoremöto	footprint road	noun	inanimate -o
soreli	sanctuary priest	noun	animate -i
lalite	gentleness; quality of being gentle	noun	inanimate -e
mayete	enduring; act of enduring	noun	inanimate -e
tharoye	count army (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
zanelye	prayer tablet	noun	inanimate -e
tönyite	broadness; quality of being broad	noun	inanimate -e
yenokshe	translate	verb	—
rethara	practitioner of carving	noun	animate -a
shisgethara	practitioner of chanting	noun	animate -a
numiyafru	Numi signal	noun	inanimate -u
fökleosi	chart-related	adjective	—
vlethara	practitioner of weaving	noun	animate -a
islethara	practitioner of sailing	noun	animate -a
fösreyo	census	noun	inanimate -o
thumfaosi	fisher-related	adjective	—
tizethara	practitioner of singing	noun	animate -a
nyuosi	basket-related	adjective	—
guosi	stream-related	adjective	—
threte	protecting; act of protecting	noun	inanimate -e
kazhete	exhaling; act of exhaling	noun	inanimate -e
thoreẅo	footprint bridge	noun	inanimate -o
shalibo	animal-spirit mirror	noun	inanimate -o
zhorelo	sword oath	noun	inanimate -o
walufu	ocean-facing coast	noun	inanimate -u
zoresle	carry flower (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
dhuzhallyuno	battery	noun	inanimate -o
gihunali	without grain; lacking grain	adjective	—
waluẅu	ocean lagoon	noun	inanimate -u
luyenali	without tide; lacking tide	adjective	—
wendöskelyu	circuit	noun	inanimate -u
föwülo	calendar	noun	inanimate -o
faresle	carry fire (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
plete	sheltering; act of sheltering	noun	inanimate -e
ronali	without ink; lacking ink	adjective	—
dayite	fragileness; quality of being fragile	noun	inanimate -e
sarobo	star mirror	noun	inanimate -o
slete	carrying; act of carrying	noun	inanimate -e
zushaosi	guard-related	adjective	—
seraosi	teacher-related	adjective	—
sloregi	circular	adjective	—
sulogo	moon dream	noun	inanimate -o
lyöresle	carry opal-mead (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
zanzhurno	tribunal	noun	inanimate -o
shayödi	ancient	adjective	—
yemnyite	bitterness; quality of being bitter	noun	inanimate -e
dhülite	swiftness; quality of being swift	noun	inanimate -e
zhorebo	sword mirror	noun	inanimate -o
zoreno	flower mist	noun	inanimate -o
lawolfi	transparent	adjective	—
gisobi	spiral	adjective	—
gizeosi	forest-related	adjective	—
hadhenali	without shore; lacking shore	adjective	—
funali	without coast; lacking coast	adjective	—
nörukle	polish beak (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
soresre	reveal sanctuary (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
ürzete	dreaming; act of dreaming	noun	inanimate -e
blethara	practitioner of opening	noun	animate -a
fareze	fire crystal	noun	inanimate -e
hagewuosi	snow-related	adjective	—
farebo	fire mirror	noun	inanimate -o
shilyenyoosi	pattern-related	adjective	—
woshwuosi	cloud-related	adjective	—
mözethara	practitioner of tracing	noun	animate -a
layiste	ally	verb	—
kiosi	scribe-related	adjective	—
dhusödhe	record darkness (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
walumo	ocean current	noun	inanimate -o
shaligo	animal-spirit dream	noun	inanimate -o
fongaẅayi	Phong witness	noun	animate -i
shrethara	practitioner of scattering	noun	animate -a
hethara	practitioner of binding	noun	animate -a
wesede	measure water (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
zorefe	flower cup	noun	inanimate -e
slevilöshöshfe	alloy	noun	inanimate -e
yonethara	practitioner of freezing	noun	animate -a
ẅuosi	lagoon-related	adjective	—
tharosödhe	record army (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
nesishneosi	mercy-related	adjective	—
ẅiyenoshriye	observatory	noun	inanimate -e
sulode	measure moon (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
örlyethara	practitioner of receiving	noun	animate -a
yete	counting; act of counting	noun	inanimate -e
sarope	star lens	noun	inanimate -e
dherite	hollowness; quality of being hollow	noun	inanimate -e
nyerebo	riddle mirror	noun	inanimate -o
zünyamshrunlonali	without glacier; lacking glacier	adjective	—
lirenasvepro	decree	noun	inanimate -o
trethara	practitioner of gathering	noun	animate -a
thorese	footprint riverbank	noun	inanimate -e
wesebo	water mirror	noun	inanimate -o
wesedhe	water garden	noun	inanimate -e
shorosödhe	record obsidian (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
maosi	apprentice-related	adjective	—
dhenyözhenpraosi	elder-related	adjective	—
gömiyenali	without wall; lacking wall	adjective	—
shorosle	carry obsidian (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
waluhadhe	ocean shore	noun	inanimate -e
sarebo	air mirror	noun	inanimate -o
ithireẅo	Íthir bridge	noun	inanimate -o
sulobo	moon mirror	noun	inanimate -o
vörago	divine dream	noun	inanimate -o
furevle	weave fur (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
lümite	hiddenness; quality of being hidden	noun	inanimate -e
ithireyu	Íthir gate	noun	inanimate -u
walufru	ocean signal	noun	inanimate -u
trete	gathering; act of gathering	noun	inanimate -e
zhorege	sword shadow	noun	inanimate -e
waluyuzha	ocean sailor	noun	animate -a
plethara	practitioner of sheltering	noun	animate -a
sorelave	sanctuary offering	noun	inanimate -e
wesepe	water lens	noun	inanimate -e
ithirewe	Íthir compass	noun	inanimate -e
frethara	practitioner of concealing	noun	animate -a
koresre	reveal cave (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
gösüshpe	calculate	verb	—
koreleso	cave altar	noun	inanimate -o
zhorenya	sword artisan	noun	animate -a
namite	sweetness; quality of being sweet	noun	inanimate -e
nyereku	riddle memory	noun	inanimate -u
krete	lifting; act of lifting	noun	inanimate -e
lyöreörlye	receive opal-mead (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
vuweli	diviner	noun	animate -i
dhanite	narrowness; quality of being narrow	noun	inanimate -e
thrabuwe	chart	verb	—
dhusre	reveal darkness (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
tharesle	carry earth (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
peosi	lens-related	adjective	—
zaneku	prayer memory	noun	inanimate -u
rükhawuosi	island-related	adjective	—
tohtethunali	without river; lacking river	adjective	—
lesoosi	altar-related	adjective	—
savrokrawutösho	constellation	noun	inanimate -o
nörude	measure beak (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
korezo	cave echo	noun	inanimate -o
klete	polishing; act of polishing	noun	inanimate -e
tizete	singing; act of singing	noun	inanimate -e
rükhawunali	without island; lacking island	adjective	—
löfolenali	without ice; lacking ice	adjective	—
boosi	mirror-related	adjective	—
koreze	cave crystal	noun	inanimate -e
yethara	practitioner of counting	noun	animate -a
karalo	clan oath	noun	inanimate -o
mötoosi	road-related	adjective	—
wesefru	water signal	noun	inanimate -u
lyarago	soul dream	noun	inanimate -o
yidhöẅi	resilient	adjective	—
tharede	measure earth (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
yorede	measure sound (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
sulosödhe	record moon (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
fareüme	ignite fire (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
lyenali	without tablet; lacking tablet	adjective	—
karazusha	clan guard	noun	animate -a
loosi	oath-related	adjective	—
shoroleso	obsidian altar	noun	inanimate -o
koreshezu	cave manuscript	noun	inanimate -u
dheosi	garden-related	adjective	—
farevre	extinguish fire (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
rokgenali	without marsh; lacking marsh	adjective	—
tohtethuosi	river-related	adjective	—
nörusödhe	record beak (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
lyörebo	opal-mead mirror	noun	inanimate -o
möveosi	rain-related	adjective	—
lyöretho	opal-mead thought	noun	inanimate -o
kazhethara	practitioner of exhaling	noun	animate -a
sulofru	moon signal	noun	inanimate -u
zhethara	practitioner of remembering	noun	animate -a
sharosödhe	record celestial body (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
ralyite	secretness; quality of being secret	noun	inanimate -e
dönyete	judging; act of judging	noun	inanimate -e
dhude	measure darkness (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
waluthre	protect ocean (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
ithiregu	Íthir stream	noun	inanimate -u
daslyete	surfacing; act of surfacing	noun	inanimate -e
nyerelye	riddle tablet	noun	inanimate -e
ẅonali	without bridge; lacking bridge	adjective	—
shaliẅu	animal-spirit lagoon	noun	inanimate -u
pragesre	reveal ark (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
fenali	without cup; lacking cup	adjective	—
lyumyobe	negotiate	verb	—
krethara	practitioner of lifting	noun	animate -a
zanefru	prayer signal	noun	inanimate -u
goosi	dream-related	adjective	—
sarowe	star compass	noun	inanimate -e
lyarapawu	soul grief	noun	inanimate -u
wösdhinlose	engine	noun	inanimate -e
söynete	diving; act of diving	noun	inanimate -e
nyanete	dividing; act of dividing	noun	inanimate -e
farebüre	fire hearth	noun	inanimate -e
bete	copying; act of copying	noun	inanimate -e
nipethara	practitioner of mending	noun	animate -a
fongarika	Phong envoy	noun	animate -a
rüfete	healing; act of healing	noun	inanimate -e
sarefru	air signal	noun	inanimate -u
zanero	prayer ink	noun	inanimate -o
lyüpödhe	transmit	verb	—
leranle	procession	noun	inanimate -e
womdhenonfrölru	vacuum	noun	inanimate -u
numiyamo	Numi current	noun	inanimate -o
ithirege	Íthir shadow	noun	inanimate -e
föpinle	survey	verb	—
rumesödhe	record ruin (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
zanetho	prayer thought	noun	inanimate -o
örlyete	receiving; act of receiving	noun	inanimate -e
sarezo	air echo	noun	inanimate -o
furekle	polish fur (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
zanelyu	prayer scroll	noun	inanimate -u
skünloteligenyi	interpreter	noun	animate -i
lyeosi	tablet-related	adjective	—
hadheosi	shore-related	adjective	—
vöraleso	divine altar	noun	inanimate -o
talyolyne	commune	verb	—
lyaraple	shelter soul (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
zhoresle	carry sword (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
zorelave	flower offering	noun	inanimate -e
pragepe	ark lens	noun	inanimate -e
södhete	recording; act of recording	noun	inanimate -e
vörawo	divine silence	noun	inanimate -o
korewo	cave silence	noun	inanimate -o
zhoreze	sword crystal	noun	inanimate -e
lyaraku	soul memory	noun	inanimate -u
nyerepe	riddle lens	noun	inanimate -e
methara	practitioner of forgetting	noun	animate -a
mete	forgetting; act of forgetting	noun	inanimate -e
zoosi	echo-related	adjective	—
lyararüfe	heal soul (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
nonali	without mist; lacking mist	adjective	—
sarosödhe	record star (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
shalirüfe	heal animal-spirit (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
pragesödhe	record ark (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
nipete	mending; act of mending	noun	inanimate -e
waluluye	ocean tide	noun	inanimate -e
yuosi	gate-related	adjective	—
vrete	extinguishing; act of extinguishing	noun	inanimate -e
saroye	count star (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
dete	measuring; act of measuring	noun	inanimate -e
rudhethara	practitioner of anchoring	noun	animate -a
lathite	coldness; quality of being cold	noun	inanimate -e
dhunyaysomyi	astronomer	noun	animate -i
lyörefe	opal-mead cup	noun	inanimate -e
luwoosi	reef-related	adjective	—
povite	brittleness; quality of being brittle	noun	inanimate -e
ẅayiosi	witness-related	adjective	—
mülkethara	practitioner of swimming	noun	animate -a
zhoosi	fuel-related	adjective	—
fongagari	Phong messenger	noun	animate -i
nyunali	without basket; lacking basket	adjective	—
lyörelave	opal-mead offering	noun	inanimate -e
Nemoredhe	Némorath garden	noun	inanimate -e
thoresre	reveal footprint (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
nökite	heavyness; quality of being heavy	noun	inanimate -e
karagari	clan messenger	noun	animate -i
weosi	compass-related	adjective	—
shaliluwo	animal-spirit reef	noun	inanimate -o
rökethara	practitioner of inhaling	noun	animate -a
walufökle	ocean chart	noun	inanimate -e
klethara	practitioner of polishing	noun	animate -a
thorefu	footprint coast	noun	inanimate -u
suloge	moon shadow	noun	inanimate -e
thorewe	footprint compass	noun	inanimate -e
rümgipemyu	edict	noun	inanimate -u
önoosi	loom-related	adjective	—
korege	cave shadow	noun	inanimate -e
vöralave	divine offering	noun	inanimate -e
shaligize	animal-spirit forest	noun	inanimate -e
rokgeosi	marsh-related	adjective	—
zoretre	gather flower (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
ifrullyüno	pilgrimage site	noun	inanimate -o
thowödhenali	without delta; lacking delta	adjective	—
numiyaẅu	Numi lagoon	noun	inanimate -u
avite	shallowness; quality of being shallow	noun	inanimate -e
sarofökle	star chart	noun	inanimate -e
zorebo	flower mirror	noun	inanimate -o
zaneshezu	prayer manuscript	noun	inanimate -u
lyörezo	opal-mead echo	noun	inanimate -o
pawuosi	grief-related	adjective	—
lyonyeosi	fortress-related	adjective	—
salyükerlo	gear	noun	inanimate -o
Nemorenu	Némorath granary	noun	inanimate -u
bethara	practitioner of copying	noun	animate -a
mözete	tracing; act of tracing	noun	inanimate -e
thoremöze	trace footprint (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
fleese	instrument for closing	noun	inanimate -e
sorebüre	sanctuary hearth	noun	inanimate -e
zeosi	crystal-related	adjective	—
gizenali	without forest; lacking forest	adjective	—
zanelave	prayer offering	noun	inanimate -e
nezhifi	restless-making; causing restlessness	adjective	—
lyarawo	soul silence	noun	inanimate -o
füvulyafvlo	treasury	noun	inanimate -o
roosi	ink-related	adjective	—
zorelyo	flower standard	noun	inanimate -o
fongalyi	Phong healer	noun	animate -i
soresödhe	record sanctuary (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
züdherüshampe	relay	noun	inanimate -e
duthilyerawu	covenant	noun	inanimate -u
treese	instrument for gathering	noun	inanimate -e
rarüzonali	without rope; lacking rope	adjective	—
weseluwo	water reef	noun	inanimate -o
rarüzoosi	rope-related	adjective	—
shorore	carve obsidian (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
pragewe	ark compass	noun	inanimate -e
zanezo	prayer echo	noun	inanimate -o
rumesre	reveal ruin (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
suloluye	moon tide	noun	inanimate -e
kleese	instrument for polishing	noun	inanimate -e
towifruosi	joy-related	adjective	—
rüfethara	practitioner of healing	noun	animate -a
karalyo	clan standard	noun	inanimate -o
pragezho	ark fuel	noun	inanimate -o
wesesle	carry water (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
wetsüthre	inscribe	verb	—
lyaratho	soul thought	noun	inanimate -o
mayethara	practitioner of enduring	noun	animate -a
vöralo	divine oath	noun	inanimate -o
numiyazo	Numi echo	noun	inanimate -o
korelave	cave offering	noun	inanimate -e
kulethara	practitioner of melting	noun	animate -a
shorolye	obsidian tablet	noun	inanimate -e
zoreleso	flower altar	noun	inanimate -o
shorolyo	obsidian standard	noun	inanimate -o
zorelyu	flower scroll	noun	inanimate -u
bleese	instrument for opening	noun	inanimate -e
nözibeosi	omen-related	adjective	—
wesemo	water current	noun	inanimate -o
waluluwo	ocean reef	noun	inanimate -o
tharople	shelter army (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
zaneshisge	chant prayer (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
skaretegu	chronicle	noun	inanimate -u
luwonali	without reef; lacking reef	adjective	—
shorope	obsidian lens	noun	inanimate -e
farefru	fire signal	noun	inanimate -u
zorero	flower ink	noun	inanimate -o
weseörlye	receive water (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
nyimuosi	roof-related	adjective	—
telyanle	preserve	verb	—
zorevle	weave flower (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
talyolynete	communing; act of communing	noun	inanimate -e
avifi	shallow-making; causing shallowness	adjective	—
rikaosi	envoy-related	adjective	—
hinyöẅe	distribute	verb	—
thoresödhe	record footprint (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
löfoleosi	ice-related	adjective	—
zhoreẅeli	sword captain	noun	animate -i
ẅepidhönywe	inscription	noun	inanimate -e
zhorelyo	sword standard	noun	inanimate -o
korebo	cave mirror	noun	inanimate -o
laveosi	offering-related	adjective	—
zorenyu	flower basket	noun	inanimate -u
suloleso	moon altar	noun	inanimate -o
ürzethara	practitioner of dreaming	noun	animate -a
shezu	manuscript	noun	inanimate -u
vörabo	divine mirror	noun	inanimate -o
shorobo	obsidian mirror	noun	inanimate -o
shalileso	animal-spirit altar	noun	inanimate -o
tharnyiyu	prophecy	noun	inanimate -u
thoreyu	footprint gate	noun	inanimate -u
vörazo	divine echo	noun	inanimate -o
wösathnodhümye	archive	noun	inanimate -e
korepe	cave lens	noun	inanimate -e
yoresödhe	record sound (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
ümeese	instrument for igniting	noun	inanimate -e
goralyinynayo	pressure	noun	inanimate -o
örlyeune	place for receiving	noun	inanimate -e
fongago	Phong dream	noun	inanimate -o
gömiyeosi	wall-related	adjective	—
lyöreku	opal-mead memory	noun	inanimate -u
zoreshezu	flower manuscript	noun	inanimate -u
nyerego	riddle dream	noun	inanimate -o
heune	place for binding	noun	inanimate -e
voyufanyüre	estuary	noun	inanimate -e
kararika	clan envoy	noun	animate -a
sarofru	star signal	noun	inanimate -u
zhorekle	polish sword (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
telyanlete	preserving; act of preserving	noun	inanimate -e
fongatho	Phong thought	noun	inanimate -o
nyeretho	riddle thought	noun	inanimate -o
shoroze	obsidian crystal	noun	inanimate -e
furesle	carry fur (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
sorelo	sanctuary oath	noun	inanimate -o
elfolyuzho	sensor	noun	inanimate -o
waluwe	ocean compass	noun	inanimate -e
sorelyo	sanctuary standard	noun	inanimate -o
lyarazo	soul echo	noun	inanimate -o
föpinleese	instrument for surveying	noun	inanimate -e
Nemoreyu	Némorath gate	noun	inanimate -u
koredhe	cave garden	noun	inanimate -e
sharode	measure celestial body (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
voyufanyürenali	without estuary; lacking estuary	adjective	—
saremöve	wind-driven rain	noun	inanimate -e
nindarzhe	navigate	verb	—
karaẅeli	clan captain	noun	animate -i
shorokle	polish obsidian (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
threune	place for protecting	noun	inanimate -e
deune	place for measuring	noun	inanimate -e
thowödhe	delta	noun	inanimate -e
soreyu	sanctuary gate	noun	inanimate -u
deese	instrument for measuring	noun	inanimate -e
thowödheosi	delta-related	adjective	—
sulolyo	moon standard	noun	inanimate -o
lyumyobethara	practitioner of negotiating	noun	animate -a
lyörego	opal-mead dream	noun	inanimate -o
sarewe	air compass	noun	inanimate -e
shorolave	obsidian offering	noun	inanimate -e
reune	place for carving	noun	inanimate -e
mözeese	instrument for tracing	noun	inanimate -e
isleune	place for sailing	noun	inanimate -e
thoregize	footprint forest	noun	inanimate -e
lyüpödheune	place for transmitting	noun	inanimate -e
yöharvyöpivya	navigator	noun	animate -a
dönyeune	place for judging	noun	inanimate -e
luẅidhe	interpret	verb	—
luẅidhethara	practitioner of interpreting	noun	animate -a
rüfeese	instrument for healing	noun	inanimate -e
zünyamshrunlo	glacier	noun	inanimate -o
sorenyimu	sanctuary roof	noun	inanimate -u
nörure	carve beak (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
sulofökle	moon chart	noun	inanimate -e
sorethre	protect sanctuary (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
faregihu	fire grain	noun	inanimate -u
farenyimu	fire roof	noun	inanimate -u
ifrullyünoosi	pilgrimage site-related	adjective	—
shalithre	protect animal-spirit (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
talyolynethara	practitioner of communing	noun	animate -a
yemnyifi	bitter-making; causing bitterness	adjective	—
soreleso	sanctuary altar	noun	inanimate -o
Nemoregu	Némorath stream	noun	inanimate -u
lümifi	hidden-making; causing hiddenness	adjective	—
vleune	place for weaving	noun	inanimate -e
Nemorelyo	Némorath standard	noun	inanimate -o
sareluye	air tide	noun	inanimate -e
kelythozusha	imperial guard	noun	animate -a
zhorefre	conceal sword (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
talyolyneune	place for communing	noun	inanimate -e
layistete	allying; act of allying	noun	inanimate -e
numiyafu	Numi coast	noun	inanimate -u
dhuluẅidhe	interpret darkness (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
yidhöẅite	resilientness; quality of being resilient	noun	inanimate -e
thüslanbolnyithro	valve	noun	inanimate -o
shisgeune	place for chanting	noun	inanimate -e
weseleso	water altar	noun	inanimate -o
heese	instrument for binding	noun	inanimate -e
hinyöẅethara	practitioner of distributing	noun	animate -a
örlyeese	instrument for receiving	noun	inanimate -e
zhorelyonye	sword fortress	noun	inanimate -e
lyumyobeune	place for negotiating	noun	inanimate -e
shalisödhe	record animal-spirit (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
zünyamshrunloosi	glacier-related	adjective	—
shezuosi	manuscript-related	adjective	—
wendöskelyuosi	circuit-related	adjective	—
gösüshpete	calculating; act of calculating	noun	inanimate -e
namifi	sweet-making; causing sweetness	adjective	—
treune	place for gathering	noun	inanimate -e
luẅidheese	instrument for interpreting	noun	inanimate -e
polufrenuwanyo	labyrinth	noun	inanimate -o
nawifi	deep-making; causing deepness	adjective	—
farenözibe	dissipation omen: Fire → Sound; animal spirits disperse	noun	inanimate -e
fongamamemli	Phong scout	noun	animate -i
shayödite	ancientness; quality of being ancient	noun	inanimate -e
föpinleune	place for surveying	noun	inanimate -e
fleune	place for closing	noun	inanimate -e
zanesödhe	record prayer (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
zanetharnyiyu	prayer prophecy	noun	inanimate -u
thorenözibe	awakening omen: Earth → Water; animal spirits awaken	noun	inanimate -e
lirenasveproosi	decree-related	adjective	—
lyaraörlye	receive soul (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
beune	place for copying	noun	inanimate -e
rudheese	instrument for anchoring	noun	inanimate -e
vöranesishne	divine mercy	noun	inanimate -e
slevilöshöshfeosi	alloy-related	adjective	—
lyumyobete	negotiating; act of negotiating	noun	inanimate -e
karaleranle	clan procession	noun	inanimate -e
vleese	instrument for weaving	noun	inanimate -e
kreese	instrument for lifting	noun	inanimate -e
vuweliosi	diviner-related	adjective	—
yenokshete	translating; act of translating	noun	inanimate -e
zoreleranle	flower procession	noun	inanimate -e
lyarashezu	soul manuscript	noun	inanimate -u
sulotharnyiyu	moon prophecy	noun	inanimate -u
yenokshethara	practitioner of translating	noun	animate -a
kelytholeranle	imperial procession	noun	inanimate -e
dhuzhallyunoosi	battery-related	adjective	—
kelytholyo	imperial standard	noun	inanimate -o
thorefökle	footprint chart	noun	inanimate -e
lalifi	gentle-making; causing gentleness	adjective	—
sleese	instrument for carrying	noun	inanimate -e
lyaratharnyiyu	soul prophecy	noun	inanimate -u
kelytholyonye	imperial fortress	noun	inanimate -e
shorofüvulyafvlo	obsidian treasury	noun	inanimate -o
kelythogari	imperial messenger	noun	animate -i
rumetelyanle	preserve ruin (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
skareteguosi	chronicle-related	adjective	—
faretelyanle	preserve fire (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
yorelyüpödhe	transmit sound (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
ithiretharnyiyu	Íthir prophecy	noun	inanimate -u
vreune	place for extinguishing	noun	inanimate -e
züdherüshampeosi	relay-related	adjective	—
tharoföpinle	survey army (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
beese	instrument for copying	noun	inanimate -e
lathifi	cold-making; causing coldness	adjective	—
thoreluẅidhe	interpret footprint (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
lyöretelyanle	preserve opal-mead (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
saroshilyenyo	star pattern	noun	inanimate -o
lyöretharnyiyu	opal-mead prophecy	noun	inanimate -u
shaliskaretegu	animal-spirit chronicle	noun	inanimate -u
dhanifi	narrow-making; causing narrowness	adjective	—
tönyifi	broad-making; causing broadness	adjective	—
sulonözibe	moon omen	noun	inanimate -e
föwüloosi	calendar-related	adjective	—
karadhenyözhenpra	clan elder	noun	animate -a
södheese	instrument for recording	noun	inanimate -e
karafösreyo	clan census	noun	inanimate -o
thorehadhe	footprint shore	noun	inanimate -e
thrabuwete	charting; act of charting	noun	inanimate -e
shalitharnyiyu	animal-spirit prophecy	noun	inanimate -u
pragesalyükerlo	ark gear	noun	inanimate -o
yeese	instrument for counting	noun	inanimate -e
ithiremöto	Íthir road	noun	inanimate -o
kelythothre	protect imperial (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
walunindarzhe	navigate ocean (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
zanewösathnodhümye	prayer archive	noun	inanimate -e
kelythosödhe	record imperial (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
pragewösathnodhümye	ark archive	noun	inanimate -e
nindarzheune	place for navigating	noun	inanimate -e
ithirefökle	Íthir chart	noun	inanimate -e
wösathnodhümyeosi	archive-related	adjective	—
thrabuweese	instrument for charting	noun	inanimate -e
lyöreskaretegu	opal-mead chronicle	noun	inanimate -u
sharothrabuwe	chart celestial body (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
nökifi	heavy-making; causing heavyness	adjective	—
faregoralyinynayo	fire pressure	noun	inanimate -o
nyaneese	instrument for dividing	noun	inanimate -e
lyüpödhete	transmitting; act of transmitting	noun	inanimate -e
soretharnyiyu	sanctuary prophecy	noun	inanimate -u
köẅifi	distant-making; causing distantness	adjective	—
ralyifi	secret-making; causing secretness	adjective	—
rümgipemyuosi	edict-related	adjective	—
povifi	brittle-making; causing brittleness	adjective	—
kelythofösreyo	imperial census	noun	inanimate -o
rüfeune	place for healing	noun	inanimate -e
lyaratelyanle	preserve soul (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
zoretelyanle	preserve flower (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
sarowösdhinlose	star engine	noun	inanimate -e
sharoluẅidhe	interpret celestial body (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
faretharnyiyu	fire prophecy	noun	inanimate -u
nyereshezu	riddle manuscript	noun	inanimate -u
koreföpinle	survey cave (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
olodheosi	mechanism-related	adjective	—
numiyaluwo	Numi reef	noun	inanimate -o
telyanleune	place for preserving	noun	inanimate -e
vreese	instrument for extinguishing	noun	inanimate -e
fongathumfa	Phong fisher	noun	animate -a
zhorezanzhurno	sword tribunal	noun	inanimate -o
womdhenonfrölruosi	vacuum-related	adjective	—
vöratowifru	divine joy	noun	inanimate -u
thorezünyamshrunlo	footprint glacier	noun	inanimate -o
wetsüthrete	inscribing; act of inscribing	noun	inanimate -e
dherifi	hollow-making; causing hollowness	adjective	—
lawolfifi	transparent-making; causing transparentness	adjective	—
shayödifi	ancient-making; causing ancientness	adjective	—
polufrenuwanyoosi	labyrinth-related	adjective	—
shoroẅepidhönywe	obsidian inscription	noun	inanimate -e
thrabuwethara	practitioner of charting	noun	animate -a
goralyinynayoosi	pressure-related	adjective	—
shethifi	warm-making; causing warmness	adjective	—
nindarzhete	navigating; act of navigating	noun	inanimate -e
nindarzhethara	practitioner of navigating	noun	animate -a
soregömiye	sanctuary wall	noun	inanimate -e
voyufanyüreosi	estuary-related	adjective	—
layistethara	practitioner of allying	noun	animate -a
saroẅiyenoshriye	star observatory	noun	inanimate -e
tharnyiyuosi	prophecy-related	adjective	—
thrabuweune	place for charting	noun	inanimate -e
saregoralyinynayo	air pressure	noun	inanimate -o
saroelfolyuzho	star sensor	noun	inanimate -o
reese	instrument for carving	noun	inanimate -e
yoneune	place for freezing	noun	inanimate -e
soreẅepidhönywe	sanctuary inscription	noun	inanimate -e
sloregite	circularness; quality of being circular	noun	inanimate -e
pleune	place for sheltering (common noun); Pleune (proper name of the last imperial fortress)	noun / proper name	inanimate -e
leranleosi	procession-related	adjective	—
gewifi	patient-making; causing patientness	adjective	—
shalitohtethu	animal-spirit river	noun	inanimate -u
kelythowösathnodhümye	imperial archive	noun	inanimate -e
lyöretowifru	opal-mead joy	noun	inanimate -u
fongaduthilyerawu	Phong covenant	noun	inanimate -u
lyörewösathnodhümye	opal-mead archive	noun	inanimate -e
suloẅiyenoshriye	moon observatory	noun	inanimate -e
saroföwülo	star calendar	noun	inanimate -o
nyereshilyenyo	riddle pattern	noun	inanimate -o
bleune	place for opening	noun	inanimate -e
wetsüthreese	instrument for inscribing	noun	inanimate -e
fareslevilöshöshfe	fire alloy	noun	inanimate -e
zoreskaretegu	flower chronicle	noun	inanimate -u
pragetelyanle	preserve ark (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
yidhöẅifi	resilient-making; causing resilientness	adjective	—
kelythoduthilyerawu	imperial covenant	noun	inanimate -u
shaliẅepidhönywe	animal-spirit inscription	noun	inanimate -e
suloföwülo	moon calendar	noun	inanimate -o
saroskaretegu	star chronicle	noun	inanimate -u
sareskaretegu	air chronicle	noun	inanimate -u
shaliluẅidhe	interpret animal-spirit (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
korewösathnodhümye	cave archive	noun	inanimate -e
weseelfolyuzho	water sensor	noun	inanimate -o
fongadhenyözhenpra	Phong elder	noun	animate -a
kelythoföpinle	survey imperial (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
fösreyoosi	census-related	adjective	—
Nemoretohtethu	Némorath river	noun	inanimate -u
wesethüslanbolnyithro	water valve	noun	inanimate -o
sarewoshwu	high drifting cloud	noun	inanimate -u
sulothrabuwe	chart moon (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
yenoksheese	instrument for translating	noun	inanimate -e
waluföpinle	survey ocean (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
Nemoretharnyiyu	Némorath prophecy	noun	inanimate -u
gisobite	spiralness; quality of being spiral	noun	inanimate -e
fonganözibe	Phong omen	noun	inanimate -e
elfolyuzhoosi	sensor-related	adjective	—
soreleranle	sanctuary procession	noun	inanimate -e
zanzhurnoosi	tribunal-related	adjective	—
wetsüthreune	place for inscribing	noun	inanimate -e
lyörelyüpödhe	transmit opal-mead (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
tizeune	place for singing	noun	inanimate -e
telyanleese	instrument for preserving	noun	inanimate -e
zoretharnyiyu	flower prophecy	noun	inanimate -u
fongaskünloteligenyi	Phong interpreter	noun	animate -i
farewösdhinlose	fire engine	noun	inanimate -e
södheune	place for recording	noun	inanimate -e
suloleranle	moon procession	noun	inanimate -e
rudheune	place for anchoring	noun	inanimate -e
shorotharnyiyu	obsidian prophecy	noun	inanimate -u
sarenözibe	celestial omen: Air → Darkness; stellar signs	noun	inanimate -e
kelythoskaretegu	imperial chronicle	noun	inanimate -u
fongayuzha	Phong sailor	noun	animate -a
saronözibe	star omen	noun	inanimate -e
prageẅepidhönywe	ark inscription	noun	inanimate -e
nyerewösathnodhümye	riddle archive	noun	inanimate -e
lawolfite	transparentness; quality of being transparent	noun	inanimate -e
zhorezusha	sword guard	noun	animate -a
numiyahadhe	Numi shore	noun	inanimate -e
lyüpödhethara	practitioner of transmitting	noun	animate -a
luẅidhete	interpreting; act of interpreting	noun	inanimate -e
numiyaduthilyerawu	Numi covenant	noun	inanimate -u
lyüpödheese	instrument for transmitting	noun	inanimate -e
wetsüthrethara	practitioner of inscribing	noun	animate -a
ithirezünyamshrunlo	Íthir glacier	noun	inanimate -o
föpinlethara	practitioner of surveying	noun	animate -a
föpinlete	surveying; act of surveying	noun	inanimate -e
vöraleranle	divine procession	noun	inanimate -e
nipeese	instrument for mending	noun	inanimate -e
prageföpinle	survey ark (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
wösdhinloseosi	engine-related	adjective	—
prageelfolyuzho	ark sensor	noun	inanimate -o
kelythorümgipemyu	imperial edict	noun	inanimate -u
yöharvyöpivyaosi	navigator-related	adjective	—
ithirenözibe	Íthir omen	noun	inanimate -e
hinyöẅete	distributing; act of distributing	noun	inanimate -e
suloẅepidhönywe	moon inscription	noun	inanimate -e
gösüshpeune	place for calculating	noun	inanimate -e
shalinözibe	animal-spirit omen	noun	inanimate -e
waluẅiyenoshriye	ocean observatory	noun	inanimate -e
walutharnyiyu	ocean prophecy	noun	inanimate -u
nindarzheese	instrument for navigating	noun	inanimate -e
kelythotelyanle	preserve imperial (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
zhorerümgipemyu	sword edict	noun	inanimate -u
koreskaretegu	cave chronicle	noun	inanimate -u
ẅiyenoshriyeosi	observatory-related	adjective	—
lyöreleranle	opal-mead procession	noun	inanimate -e
shalirokge	animal-spirit marsh	noun	inanimate -e
Nemorewösathnodhümye	Némorath archive	noun	inanimate -e
Nemorefösreyo	Némorath census	noun	inanimate -o
Nemoremöto	Némorath road	noun	inanimate -o
zhoreskaretegu	sword chronicle	noun	inanimate -u
ithireleso	Íthir altar	noun	inanimate -o
sarodhuzhallyuno	star battery	noun	inanimate -o
waluthrabuwe	chart ocean (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
waluthumfa	ocean fisher	noun	animate -a
lyarawösathnodhümye	soul archive	noun	inanimate -e
ithirelyonye	Íthir fortress	noun	inanimate -e
gösüshpethara	practitioner of calculating	noun	animate -a
numiyaẅayi	Numi witness	noun	animate -i
shoroslevilöshöshfe	obsidian alloy	noun	inanimate -e
yoreluẅidhe	interpret sound (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
zhoretelyanle	preserve sword (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
wesegoralyinynayo	water pressure	noun	inanimate -o
shalihadhe	animal-spirit shore	noun	inanimate -e
gösüshpeese	instrument for calculating	noun	inanimate -e
wesehagewu	snowmelt; water released by thawing snow	noun	inanimate -u
telyanlethara	practitioner of preserving	noun	animate -a
lyöreshezu	opal-mead manuscript	noun	inanimate -u
tharetelyanle	preserve earth (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
vörawösathnodhümye	divine archive	noun	inanimate -e
yenoksheune	place for translating	noun	inanimate -e
zhoreslevilöshöshfe	sword alloy	noun	inanimate -e
lyaranözibe	soul omen	noun	inanimate -e
sarothrabuwe	chart star (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
duthilyerawuosi	covenant-related	adjective	—
soreskaretegu	sanctuary chronicle	noun	inanimate -u
nyerepolufrenuwanyo	riddle labyrinth	noun	inanimate -o
lyaranesishne	soul mercy	noun	inanimate -e
vöratharnyiyu	divine prophecy	noun	inanimate -u
Nemoreleranle	Némorath procession	noun	inanimate -e
farethüslanbolnyithro	fire valve	noun	inanimate -o
numiyatharnyiyu	Numi prophecy	noun	inanimate -u
dhunyaysomyiosi	astronomer-related	adjective	—
weselöfole	freshwater ice	noun	inanimate -e
numiyaluye	Numi tide	noun	inanimate -e
shoroshezu	obsidian manuscript	noun	inanimate -u
ẅepidhönyweosi	inscription-related	adjective	—
zhoreẅepidhönywe	sword inscription	noun	inanimate -e
füvulyafvloosi	treasury-related	adjective	—
sareelfolyuzho	air sensor	noun	inanimate -o
pragewösdhinlose	ark engine	noun	inanimate -e
Nemoregihu	Némorath grain	noun	inanimate -u
thoreskaretegu	footprint chronicle	noun	inanimate -u
tharethrabuwe	chart earth (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
suloluẅidhe	interpret moon (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
thoretharnyiyu	footprint prophecy	noun	inanimate -u
zaneluẅidhe	interpret prayer (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
wesetelyanle	preserve water (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
salyükerloosi	gear-related	adjective	—
soretelyanle	preserve sanctuary (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
karazanzhurno	clan tribunal	noun	inanimate -o
fongawösathnodhümye	Phong archive	noun	inanimate -e
nyeretharnyiyu	riddle prophecy	noun	inanimate -u
nyerenözibe	riddle omen	noun	inanimate -e
nyereẅepidhönywe	riddle inscription	noun	inanimate -e
skünloteligenyiosi	interpreter-related	adjective	—
furetelyanle	preserve fur (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
korethrabuwe	chart cave (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
koreẅepidhönywe	cave inscription	noun	inanimate -e
zaneskaretegu	prayer chronicle	noun	inanimate -u
numiyawösathnodhümye	Numi archive	noun	inanimate -e
koretelyanle	preserve cave (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
kelythozanzhurno	imperial tribunal	noun	inanimate -o
saretharnyiyu	air prophecy	noun	inanimate -u
numiyaẅiyenoshriye	Numi observatory	noun	inanimate -e
vöraẅepidhönywe	divine inscription	noun	inanimate -e
karawösathnodhümye	clan archive	noun	inanimate -e
shoroskaretegu	obsidian chronicle	noun	inanimate -u
Nemoreskaretegu	Némorath chronicle	noun	inanimate -u
sarotharnyiyu	star prophecy	noun	inanimate -u
savrokrawutöshoosi	constellation-related	adjective	—
thüslanbolnyithroosi	valve-related	adjective	—
pragedhuzhallyuno	ark battery	noun	inanimate -o
walunözibe	soul-flight omen: Water → Air; soul takes flight	noun	inanimate -e
saroluẅidhe	interpret star (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
koretharnyiyu	cave prophecy	noun	inanimate -u
shorowösathnodhümye	obsidian archive	noun	inanimate -e
lyaratowifru	soul joy	noun	inanimate -u
ithireskaretegu	Íthir chronicle	noun	inanimate -u
sareẅiyenoshriye	air observatory	noun	inanimate -e
prageslevilöshöshfe	ark alloy	noun	inanimate -e
zanelyüpödhe	transmit prayer (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
lyaraskaretegu	soul chronicle	noun	inanimate -u
kelytholirenasvepro	imperial decree	noun	inanimate -o
pragewendöskelyu	ark circuit	noun	inanimate -u
prageskaretegu	ark chronicle	noun	inanimate -u
karaskaretegu	clan chronicle	noun	inanimate -u
zaneẅepidhönywe	prayer inscription	noun	inanimate -e
rumeföpinle	survey ruin (generically, as an activity)	verb	—
nyereskaretegu	riddle chronicle	noun	inanimate -u
kelythofüvulyafvlo	imperial treasury	noun	inanimate -o
pragethüslanbolnyithro	ark valve	noun	inanimate -o
lyaraduthilyerawu	soul covenant	noun	inanimate -u
numiyaskaretegu	Numi chronicle	noun	inanimate -u
Nemorefüvulyafvlo	Némorath treasury	noun	inanimate -o
karaduthilyerawu	clan covenant	noun	inanimate -u
ithirewösathnodhümye	Íthir archive	noun	inanimate -e
sorewösathnodhümye	sanctuary archive	noun	inanimate -e
vöraduthilyerawu	divine covenant	noun	inanimate -u
pragezüdherüshampe	ark relay	noun	inanimate -e
sari	like; in the likeness of (comparative postposition)	postposition	—
weseya	waters personified as an animate being	noun	animate -a
suloya	moon personified as an animate being	noun	animate -a
zoreya	flower personified as an animate being	noun	animate -a
sulolye	moon-image; reflection or remembered likeness of the moon	noun	inanimate -e
weselye	water-image; an impression or likeness of water	noun	inanimate -e
zorelye	flower-image; remembered or reflected blossom	noun	inanimate -e
thorelye	image or remembered trace of a footprint	noun	inanimate -e
lire	absence, missing thing	noun	inanimate
linylo	alliance	noun	inanimate
fiyasinu	sacrificial stone	noun	inanimate
ẅeya	ant	noun	animate
reyo	ancestral archive	noun	inanimate
tumunto	ascent, rising	noun	inanimate
lyavi	beast	noun	animate
yasre	bed	noun	inanimate
liẅa	bird	noun	animate
löle	birth	noun	inanimate
lyüle	blackness	noun	inanimate
lyarlyu	blindness	noun	inanimate
plonlye	blood	noun	inanimate
yeyo	blueness	noun	inanimate
yaru	boiling	noun	inanimate
lyaẅo	bond, covenant	noun	inanimate
spöẅonyöto	breaker, rupture	noun	inanimate
yüẅulye	fracture, broken condition	noun	inanimate
polyi	bull (mammoth)	noun	animate
lyatu	burning	noun	inanimate
liyu	bush, shrub	noun	inanimate
lyela	calf (mammoth)	noun	animate
pölyi	child	noun	animate
mövafeyi	hybrid creature, chimera	noun	animate
lyöge	city, city-state	noun	inanimate
rulyo	coin	noun	inanimate
ẅule	cord	noun	inanimate
role	crack, fracture	noun	inanimate
muröfiye	crossing, transit	noun	inanimate
liru	crowd	noun	inanimate
würlye	crown, circlet	noun	inanimate
ẅösro	cup	noun	inanimate
liye	recurring cycle	noun	inanimate
yilo	darkness, eclipse-dark	noun	inanimate
lyüẅo	deafness	noun	inanimate
slelu	depth	noun	inanimate
ẅölyte	unexpected discovery	noun	inanimate
lyüẅi	dog	noun	animate
nyölyyo	dryness	noun	inanimate
lyalydhu	dust	noun	inanimate
yelyu	ear	noun	inanimate
rolu	echo	noun	inanimate
vörlu	border, margin	noun	inanimate
lyoru	emptiness	noun	inanimate
waflülimshu	entrails	noun	inanimate
ẅöru	evening watch	noun	inanimate
bilye	excess, an additional member	noun	inanimate
lüru	eye	noun	inanimate
solyu	face	noun	inanimate
röye	fall, falling	noun	inanimate
lyize	field, cultivated land	noun	inanimate
zülre	ending, finality	noun	inanimate
lyaso	floor, paving	noun	inanimate
lyülyẅanyu	fog	noun	inanimate
nürlo	fountain	noun	inanimate
lyula	fox	noun	animate
lenyi	frog	noun	animate
lyasu	frost	noun	inanimate
lüẅe	fungus	noun	inanimate
lerarẅöflu	gallbladder	noun	inanimate
leru	ghost, wandering spirit	noun	inanimate
kölye	green colour	noun	inanimate
farle	halo, luminous ring	noun	inanimate
lyüro	head	noun	inanimate
yoru	heart, centre	noun	inanimate
blüẅo	height, elevation	noun	inanimate
ẅeyo	hoard, extractive store	noun	inanimate
tolyu	horn	noun	inanimate
lyate	house	noun	inanimate
yelyiẅe	unseen presence	noun	inanimate
yöẅo	key	noun	inanimate
leyo	knocking sound	noun	inanimate
lyönybo	knot	noun	inanimate
lyüẅallyu	laughter	noun	inanimate
ẅölyo	left hand, unfavourable direction	noun	inanimate
danyözane	structural liaison	noun	inanimate
silyo	limb	noun	inanimate
rulbe	maternal lineage	noun	inanimate
yöli	lion (a bird-like creature)	noun	animate
shalye	liver	noun	inanimate
dölye	solitude	noun	inanimate
lyebu	loss, disappearance	noun	inanimate
lyanmu	market	noun	inanimate
yölne	mould, mildew	noun	inanimate
lüye	morning watch	noun	inanimate
raye	mouth	noun	inanimate
lyame	absence of speech, muteness	noun	inanimate
melyo	personal or ceremonial name	noun	inanimate
nyoshpeyofu	occlusion	noun	inanimate
helyu	overflow	noun	inanimate
wolyi	owl	noun	animate
lilyẅe	path, orbit	noun	inanimate
pölyso	peace	noun	inanimate
loẅi	people, community	noun	animate
böẅenyfi	phoenix	noun	animate
nyomru	pestilence	noun	inanimate
nalyo	radiance, brilliance	noun	inanimate
lüyi	rat	noun	animate
lyoyi	raven	noun	animate
lyuwe	redness, red pigment	noun	inanimate
lyiso	refusal, failure to dissolve	noun	inanimate
lulethünshe	contrary flow	noun	inanimate
silyfle	reversal or contrary direction	noun	inanimate
lyalyu	right hand, favourable direction	noun	inanimate
nyöyo	salt	noun	inanimate
lyafo	scale, scaled surface	noun	inanimate
yönyu	dispersion	noun	inanimate
dhilye	self, inward identity	noun	inanimate
lyuwi	serpent	noun	animate
lyüshe	shared, held in common	noun	inanimate
thirye	shearing, rift	noun	inanimate
lyömo	sighting	noun	inanimate
lörüre	skin	noun	inanimate
dilyu	skull	noun	inanimate
lyafüru	sky	noun	inanimate
zhürlo	sleep	noun	inanimate
thürnyu	song, singing	noun	inanimate
rölyo	speech, articulated language	noun	inanimate
yadübe	meteor fall	noun	inanimate
nolyu	stone	noun	inanimate
yerüẅu	stranger	noun	inanimate
töblühunzhe	stammering, interruption	noun	inanimate
nyiyo	suddenness	noun	inanimate
mulyilu	summer	noun	inanimate
salyu	sun	noun	inanimate
nyeyiru	swarm	noun	inanimate
nyörde	tail	noun	inanimate
linnyo	tears, weeping	noun	inanimate
süsernirẅu	telepathy	noun	inanimate
lyilye	threshold, doorway	noun	inanimate
laye	thunder	noun	inanimate
pulnye	tooth	noun	inanimate
lolu	tower	noun	inanimate
linnyu	tree	noun	inanimate
lyöẅo	twinning	noun	inanimate
paẅe	twisting	noun	inanimate
lyave	voice	noun	inanimate
lyoli	wanderer, mediator	noun	animate
lipo	war	noun	inanimate
nyenyo	well, spring	noun	inanimate
rabu	whisper	noun	inanimate
lyatku	whiteness, pale pigment	noun	inanimate
shulẅo	wind	noun	inanimate
piyu	winter	noun	inanimate
lila	wolf	noun	animate
yazo	womb	noun	inanimate
zelyo	yoke	noun	inanimate
nöbu	omen; observed sign with a formal interpretation	noun	inanimate
sulofarle	The Crowned Moon (omen 001)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lüyege	The Morning Shadow (omen 002)	noun / named omen	inanimate
ẅörunyomru	The Evening Plague (omen 003)	noun / named omen	inanimate
silyfleyilo	The Wrong-Way Dark (omen 004)	noun / named omen	inanimate
nyoshpeyofuyoru	The Obscured Heart (omen 005)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyoyililyẅe	The Raven’s Path (omen 006)	noun / named omen	inanimate
zelyotumunto	The Yoke Ascendant (omen 007)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyalyusaro	The Right-Hand Star (omen 008)	noun / named omen	inanimate
ẅölyosaro	The Left-Hand Star (omen 009)	noun / named omen	inanimate
woshwuyölinöbu	The Cloud-Lion (omen 010)	noun / named omen	inanimate
woshwuralinöbu	The Cloud-Mammoth (omen 011)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyuwelyalydhu	The Red Dust (omen 012)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyatkulyalydhu	The White Dust (omen 013)	noun / named omen	inanimate
piyulaye	Winter Thunder (omen 014)	noun / named omen	inanimate
linyfarle	The Double Halo (omen 015)	noun / named omen	inanimate
blüẅoẅörusaro	The High Evening Star (omen 016)	noun / named omen	inanimate
silyflelyuwesaro	The Reversing Red Star (omen 017)	noun / named omen	inanimate
liresulo	The Missing Moon (omen 018)	noun / named omen	inanimate
nalyodhu	The Bright Night (omen 019)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyögeyadübe	City Starfall (omen 020)	noun / named omen	inanimate
blüẅolyöge	The High City (omen 021)	noun / named omen	inanimate
woyu	The Silent Gate (omen 022)	noun / named omen	inanimate
linnyogömiye	The Weeping Wall (omen 023)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lüẅewürlye	The Fungus Crown (omen 024)	noun / named omen	inanimate
wolyireyo	The Owl’s Court (omen 025)	noun / named omen	inanimate
yüẅulyebüre	The Broken Hearth (omen 026)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyuwilyilye	The Snake’s Path (omen 027)	noun / named omen	inanimate
linyge	The Double Shadow (omen 028)	noun / named omen	inanimate
plonlyenyenyo	The Bloody Well (omen 029)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lerulyüẅinöbu	The Ghost Dog (omen 030)	noun / named omen	inanimate
tohtethululethünshe	The Reversed River (omen 031)	noun / named omen	inanimate
nyöyolyize	The Salted Field (omen 032)	noun / named omen	inanimate
nolyulöle	The Stone Birth (omen 033)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyulalyüẅallyu	The Fox’s Laugh (omen 034)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyorulyanmu	The Empty Market (omen 035)	noun / named omen	inanimate
liẅalipo	The Birds of War (omen 036)	noun / named omen	inanimate
liẅapölyso	The Birds of Peace (omen 037)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyüleyölne	The Black Mould (omen 038)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyatkuyölne	The White Mould (omen 039)	noun / named omen	inanimate
rolelolu	The Cracking Tower (omen 040)	noun / named omen	inanimate
rabulyaso	The Whispering Floor (omen 041)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyebuyöẅo	The Lost Key (omen 042)	noun / named omen	inanimate
ẅölyterulyo	The Found Coin (omen 043)	noun / named omen	inanimate
yerüẅusolyu	The Stranger’s Face (omen 044)	noun / named omen	inanimate
nyölyyonürlo	The Dry Fountain (omen 045)	noun / named omen	inanimate
helyuẅösro	The Overflowing Cup (omen 046)	noun / named omen	inanimate
yüẅulyebo	The Broken Mirror (omen 047)	noun / named omen	inanimate
yelyiẅeleyo	The Unseen Knocker (omen 048)	noun / named omen	inanimate
nyeyiruẅeyanöbu	The Swarming Ants (omen 049)	noun / named omen	inanimate
dölyelilanöbu	The Lone Wolf (omen 050)	noun / named omen	inanimate
yadübelyate	The Falling Star (Urban) (omen 051)	noun / named omen	inanimate
kölyelyafüru	The Green Sky (omen 052)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyuwetohtethu	The Red River (omen 053)	noun / named omen	inanimate
mulyilulyasu	The Frozen Summer (omen 054)	noun / named omen	inanimate
yarunyenyo	The Boiling Well (omen 055)	noun / named omen	inanimate
thürnyunolyu	The Singing Stone (omen 056)	noun / named omen	inanimate
plonlyelinnyu	The Bleeding Tree (omen 057)	noun / named omen	inanimate
nyiyolyülyẅanyu	The Sudden Fog (omen 058)	noun / named omen	inanimate
liẅalyate	The Bird in the House (omen 059)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lüyilyönybo	The Rat King (omen 060)	noun / named omen	inanimate
linyyoru	The Double Heart (omen 061)	noun / named omen	inanimate
silyfleshalye	The Reversed Liver (omen 062)	noun / named omen	inanimate
plonlyelyize	The Bleeding Field (omen 063)	noun / named omen	inanimate
wolenyinöbu	The Silent Frog (omen 064)	noun / named omen	inanimate
raligo	The Dream of the Mammoth (omen 065)	noun / named omen	inanimate
yugo	The Dream of the Gate (omen 066)	noun / named omen	inanimate
mövafeyilöle	The Birth of the Chimera (omen 067)	noun / named omen	inanimate
nyördepölyinöbu	The Child with a Tail (omen 068)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyüẅiyasre	The Dog in the Bed (omen 069)	noun / named omen	inanimate
röyebo	The Falling Mirror (omen 070)	noun / named omen	inanimate
töblühunzhewese	The Water Stutter (omen 071)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyüledanyözane	The Black Liaison (omen 072)	noun / named omen	inanimate
silyfletohtethu	The Wrong-Way River (omen 073)	noun / named omen	inanimate
böẅenyfilyömo	The Phoenix Sighting (omen 074)	noun / named omen	inanimate
woliru	The Silent Crowd (omen 075)	noun / named omen	inanimate
yüẅulyethore	The Broken Footprint (omen 076)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyafüruthirye	The Sky-Shear (omen 077)	noun / named omen	inanimate
spöẅonyötoshilyenyo	The Breaker Pattern (omen 078)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyörelyiso	The Opal Mead (omen 079)	noun / named omen	inanimate
salyupulnye	The Sun’s Tooth (omen 080)	noun / named omen	inanimate
paẅeẅule	The Twisted Cord (omen 081)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyatkushalye	The White Liver (omen 082)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyüleshalye	The Black Liver (omen 083)	noun / named omen	inanimate
linylyürolyelanöbu	The Two-Headed Calf (omen 084)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lirelyürolöle	The Headless Birth (omen 085)	noun / named omen	inanimate
rölyowaflülimshu	The Speaking Entrails (omen 086)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyüẅallyudilyu	The Laughing Skull (omen 087)	noun / named omen	inanimate
plonlyefiyasinu	The Bleeding Stone (Visceral) (omen 088)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lirelerarẅöflu	The Missing Gallbladder (omen 089)	noun / named omen	inanimate
bilyesilyo	The Extra Limb (omen 090)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyuwiyazo	The Serpent in the Womb (omen 091)	noun / named omen	inanimate
nolyuyoru	The Stone Heart (omen 092)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyarlyulüru	The Blind Eye (omen 093)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyüẅoyelyu	The Deaf Ear (omen 094)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyameraye	The Tongueless Mouth (omen 095)	noun / named omen	inanimate
tolyupölyinöbu	The Horned Child (omen 096)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyafolörüre	The Scaled Skin (omen 097)	noun / named omen	inanimate
yeyoplonlye	The Blue Blood (omen 098)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyoruyazo	The Empty Womb (omen 099)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyöẅolyuwinöbu	The Twin Serpent (omen 100)	noun / named omen	inanimate
liyeshilyenyo	The Cycle Pattern (omen 101)	noun / named omen	inanimate
ẅolyolinöbu	The Mediator (omen 102)	noun / named omen	inanimate
vörluloẅinöbu	The Edge-Folk (omen 103)	noun / named omen	inanimate
yumo	The Gate Flow (omen 104)	noun / named omen	inanimate
süsernirẅurolu	The Telepathic Echo (omen 105)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyüshego	The Shared Dream (omen 106)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lerulyave	The Ghost Voice (omen 107)	noun / named omen	inanimate
bomuröfiye	The Mirror Walk (omen 108)	noun / named omen	inanimate
gedhilye	The Shadow Self (omen 109)	noun / named omen	inanimate
lyatuliyu	The Burning Bush (omen 110)	noun / named omen	inanimate
nolyurölyo	The Stone Speech (omen 111)	noun / named omen	inanimate
wesesolyu	The Water Face (omen 112)	noun / named omen	inanimate
shulẅomelyo	The Wind Name (omen 113)	noun / named omen	inanimate
zülrewo	The Final Silence (omen 114)	noun / named omen	inanimate
notu	gable	noun	inanimate
buye	roof tile; fired tile	noun	inanimate
nyahe	household book; account book of a house	noun	inanimate
sözhewi	mother; maternal-house guardian	noun	animate
lyöti	Lyöti, the young scribe (personal name)	proper name	animate
nadhi	Nadhi, the clan mother (personal name)	proper name	animate
soki	Soki, a Phong witness (personal name)	proper name	animate
esu	moisture; dampness	noun	inanimate
belu	ration; allotted provision	noun	inanimate
shüme	famine; widespread want	noun	inanimate
wure	rumour; circulating report	noun	inanimate
yonyule	lane; narrow street	noun	inanimate
töno	handbell; market bell	noun	inanimate
lyesu	thread; single strand of yarn	noun	inanimate
lyema	courier; messenger	noun	animate
rulöba	maternal aunt; mother’s sister	noun	animate
vipe	dye; coloured dyebath	noun	inanimate
idhu	hunger; gnawing need	noun	inanimate
temalyu	public council proclamation; formal notice	noun	inanimate
tanolyu	written decision of a maternal council	noun	inanimate
karasözhewi	clan mother; keeper of a maternal house	noun	animate
lyuwenotu	red gable	noun	inanimate
yeyonotu	blue gable	noun	inanimate
lyuwebuye	red-fired roof tile	noun	inanimate
yeyobuye	blue-fired roof tile	noun	inanimate
lyuwenyimu	red-roofed house / red roof	noun	inanimate
yeyonyimu	blue-roofed house / blue roof	noun	inanimate
karanyahe	clan account book; register of a maternal house	noun	inanimate
lyanmunyahe	market account-book	noun	inanimate
gihubelu	grain ration; allocated portion of grain	noun	inanimate
nyimuya	roof personified as a living participant	noun	animate
lyuwenotu-yeyonotu	City of Red and Blue Gables; imperial capital (literary endonym)	proper name	inanimate
lyesuosi	threadlike; filamentous	adjective	—
esuosi	moist, damp (adjective); Esuosi (traditional swamp toponym, homographic proper name)	adjective / proper name	—
lyire	lyira; northern ice tunnel and portal (assimilated loan)	noun	inanimate
püru	tree, woody plant	noun	inanimate
yo	enclosed courtyard, shared household court	noun	inanimate
enyite	canal, artificial water channel	noun	inanimate
tülhalme	sluice, water-control gate	noun	inanimate
dödhewu	deliberative council; body of trusted representatives	noun	inanimate
mömnyiwadhe	public assembly court, formal meeting ground	noun	inanimate
wöẅo	guarded storehouse; public reserve depot	noun	inanimate
pevu	shop, stall, small trading house	noun	inanimate
blöko	merchant caravan; travelling convoy	noun	inanimate
fülbu	wool, fleece fibre	noun	inanimate
pu	dye pigment; dye-bearing substance	noun	inanimate
mu	salt	noun	inanimate
lyülelyumo	binding agreement, contract	noun	inanimate
üne	trade, reciprocal exchange of goods	noun	inanimate
myaföthaẅo	cargo shipping, organised transport by water	noun	inanimate
iyalöẅu	credit, advance against expected goods	noun	inanimate
alyo	craft workshop, workspace for skilled manufacture	noun	inanimate
belöfo	medicine, healing compound	noun	inanimate
po	school, place of instruction	noun	inanimate
wi	teacher, instructor	noun	animate
pulya	keeper, custodian of a place or object	noun	animate
kozisheya	entrusted speaker, delegate of a council or house	noun	animate
za	negotiator, bargaining representative	noun	animate
lyüẅa	commercial broker or trade intermediary	noun	animate
nyüri	artisan, craft worker	noun	animate
memülmi	courier, letter-bearer	noun	animate
shüryamu	treasury, pool of household or public funds	noun	inanimate
beyu	tablet for inscription or family memorial	noun	inanimate
galyno	public bathhouse	noun	inanimate
wöẅesharzeshünyo	ritualised personal combat, duel	noun	inanimate
ya	mediator, conciliator	noun	animate
pümospe	noodle, strand of cooked flour paste	noun	inanimate
füme	cake, baked or steamed grain round	noun	inanimate
vömẅo	lentil, pulse	noun	inanimate
kalyo	syrup, concentrated sweet liquid	noun	inanimate
tregu	music, organised melody	noun	inanimate
itho	festival, recurring communal celebration	noun	inanimate
ziyu	musical instrument	noun	inanimate
sitnyosrefo	engineered technology, technical skill and devices	noun	inanimate
külyebüẅu	tax, communal levy	noun	inanimate
nyuspamürzu	adoption into a maternal house	noun	inanimate
lulözüklöẅo	inherited title or property succession	noun	inanimate
anyeshölyu	property, legally held collective asset	noun	inanimate
miya	maternal grandmother	noun	animate
nafi	maternal uncle, mother’s brother	noun	animate
mömidha	father, acknowledged parent not determining descent	noun	animate
lya	marital or household partner	noun	animate
lyödhohu	marriage, socially recognised partnership	noun	inanimate
ryofridhotivlashe	succession to entrusted office or house stewardship	noun	inanimate
waslyengülyure	limited public mandate, delegated authority	noun	inanimate
lyönemthrithanyo	appointment or authorisation to public office	noun	inanimate
baluwo	formal withdrawal of an entrusted commission	noun	inanimate
tüvifemfo	abuse of entrusted authority, corruption	noun	inanimate
wündhelso	compensation, restitution after injury	noun	inanimate
lablörlordhülo	customary law; binding legal order	noun	inanimate
söẅewösre	binding finding or judgment	noun	inanimate
ẅepakütbu	legal or divinatory precedent	noun	inanimate
vo	codex, book, ordered written collection	noun	inanimate
hulyo	personal name, formal name of a lineage	noun	inanimate
srelyötpamu	interpretation, authoritative reading	noun	inanimate
alyidhavrive	divine conception, bringing forth a successor	noun	inanimate
riho	transition from one cosmological element to another	noun	inanimate
gegügake	secret divine name, ritual object-name	noun	inanimate
vüshadhe	chronicle, ordered record of historical events	noun	inanimate
thalelymamlyönlyu	directly observed evidence	noun	inanimate
kawile	submerged or oceanic habitat	noun	inanimate
muthre	ice, frozen water	noun	inanimate
mismu	winter pasture of the boreal herds	noun	inanimate
rali	mammoth, large shaggy northern herd animal	noun	animate
ni	herder, pastoral caretaker of animals	noun	animate
zhu	ice fissure, split in ice	noun	inanimate
matuklaru	other world, alternate traversable realm	noun	inanimate
myethrüthu	spatial cross-section of a manifold world	noun	inanimate
müyewütpe	hyperplanet, world with many accessible cross-sections	noun	inanimate
yenödho	political or military alliance	noun	inanimate
nespuvlarmo	right of refuge under sanctuary protection	noun	inanimate
ko	inherited tradition, living historical transmission	noun	inanimate
füplo	whispered report, social rumour	noun	inanimate
kruwafünime	mother-line descent as a juridical principle	noun	inanimate
rörzüsomüshe	hereditary right held by a maternal house	noun	inanimate
bitetgo	settlement by mutual recognition, reconciliation	noun	inanimate
lyowume	natural philosophy, systematic science	noun	inanimate
lyölẅitavu	theory of the geometry of the portals	noun	inanimate
nipünyiyu	council-sanctioned ritual court	noun	inanimate
zorepüru	flowering tree, blossom tree	noun	inanimate
nolyuẅo	stone bridge	noun	inanimate -o
weseenyite	water canal, irrigating channel	noun	inanimate
tülhalmepulya	sluice keeper; caretaker of water gates	noun	animate
dödhewusore	council sanctuary; protected precinct of assembly	noun	inanimate -e
dödhewulyate	council house, meeting residence	noun	inanimate
kelythowöẅo	communal storehouse governed by councils	noun	inanimate
rulbelyate	maternal house; matrilineal corporate household	noun	inanimate
lyateyo	ancestral household courtyard	noun	inanimate
lyanmupevu	market shop, licensed trading stall	noun	inanimate
blökomöto	caravan road	noun	inanimate -o
ithiremu	mountain salt	noun	inanimate
zorepu	dye-bearing flower or plant	noun	inanimate
fumyaföthaẅo	coastal shipping	noun	inanimate
södhelyülelyumo	written contract, witnessed trade instrument	noun	inanimate
karalyülelyumo	inter-clan agreement	noun	inanimate
pevupulya	shopkeeper, custodian of a market stall (any gender)	noun	animate
södhememülmi	keeper and deliverer of messages	noun	animate
iyalöẅunyahe	book of debts; list of credit owed	noun	inanimate
üneblöko	trading caravan	noun	inanimate
vlealyo	weaving workshop	noun	inanimate
alyodödhewu	cooperative guild council	noun	inanimate
tohtethuzore	edible river plants	noun	inanimate -e
zorekalyo	flower syrup	noun	inanimate
gihufüme	grain cake or prepared flour food	noun	inanimate
soretregu	ceremonial sanctuary music	noun	inanimate
ithotregu	music for annual festivals	noun	inanimate
sovarasitnyosrefo	ancestral technology of the Ark settlers	noun	inanimate
pragerume	ruins of the ancestral Ark	noun	inanimate -e
pragelyowume	study of surviving Ark technology	noun	inanimate
blökokülyebüẅu	caravan levy	noun	inanimate
rulbelulözüklöẅo	matrilineal inheritance	noun	inanimate
karaanyeshölyu	inalienable clan property	noun	inanimate
nyuspamürzupölyi	child adopted into maternal descent	noun	animate
rulbemiya	maternal grandmother	noun	animate
rulbenafi	maternal uncle	noun	animate
karalyödhohu	marriage linking distinct maternal houses	noun	inanimate
rulberyofridhotivlashe	succession within a maternal house	noun	inanimate
lyögedödhewu	district or ward council	noun	inanimate
kelythodödhewu	imperial assembly of the six maternal clans	noun	inanimate
rulbekozisheya	entrusted speaker of a maternal house	noun	animate
dödhewuwaslyengülyure	mandate issued by a council	noun	inanimate
ẅelilyönemthrithanyo	appointment of a war captain	noun	inanimate
lyönemthrithanyobaluwo	withdrawal of office by the councils	noun	inanimate
nariyalablörlordhülo	kinship law, rules of clan identity	noun	inanimate
sorenespuvlarmo	institutional right of sanctuary	noun	inanimate
rulbehulyo	inherited name of a maternal house	noun	inanimate
lablörlordhülowündhelso	legally sanctioned restitution	noun	inanimate
nözibesöẅewösre	binding judgment of an omen	noun	inanimate
nözibeẅepakütbu	binding precedent for interpreting an omen	noun	inanimate
nözibevo	Sign-Book; ordered imperial collection of omens	noun	inanimate
nözibesrelyötpamu	ritual reading or construal of an omen	noun	inanimate
nözibelablörlordhülo	omen law, authoritative ritual precedent	noun	inanimate
zanewündhelso	averting or compensatory ritual; native gloss for namburbi	noun	inanimate
vöragegügake	secret name of a goddess	noun	inanimate
vörarulbe	genealogy of the divine mothers	noun	inanimate
vöraalyidhavrive	divine conception or progeniture	noun	inanimate
thareriho	transformation between ritual elements	noun	inanimate
shaliko	doctrine of animal spirits	noun	inanimate
sorevüshadhe	sacred historical chronicle	noun	inanimate
nolyuthalelymamlyönlyu	material evidence, observed sign	noun	inanimate
fongasüsernirẅu	Phong telepathic communion	noun	inanimate
numiyakawile	aquatic environment of the Numi	noun	inanimate
numiyalyowume	natural philosophy concerning the Numi	noun	inanimate
muthrelyire	ice tunnel or lyira portal	noun	inanimate
ralini	mammoth herder	noun	animate
matuklarumyethrüthu	cross-section of another region of the hyperplanet	noun	inanimate
lyirelyölẅitavu	theory of the lyira and other worlds	noun	inanimate
karayenödho	alliance of maternal clans	noun	inanimate
lipoyenödho	alliance formed for war or defence	noun	inanimate
kelythotüvifemfo	illegal conversion of entrusted office into personal sovereignty	noun	inanimate
Tiriya	Tyrian person; inhabitant of Tyre	proper noun	animate
Narshaliya	Narshalye person; member of an exiled northern lineage	proper noun	animate
Tyre	Tyre, eastern coastal city and city-state	proper noun	inanimate
Lë’khnu	Lë’khnu, the Boreal Wastes	proper noun	inanimate
pethara	lens-maker; worker with lenses and optical instruments	noun	animate
tharovire	conquer, incorporate by force of arms	verb	—
pirethara	pilgrim; person making a religious journey	noun	animate -a
belöfopulya	herbalist; keeper and seller of medicinal preparations	noun	animate -a
shüryamupulya	household treasurer; keeper of shared funds	noun	animate -a
sorepulya	sanctuary custodian; keeper of a holy precinct	noun	animate -a
nyuspamürzuvome	adopt a child formally into a maternal house	verb	—
liyüthe	care shown in small practical things	noun	inanimate
nimu	cloth set aside for a guest or absent household member	noun	inanimate
nyöẅo	warmth remaining in cloth after it has been touched	noun	inanimate
welüẅe	last light; the glow a surface keeps after the sun or a lamp has gone	noun	inanimate
wüne	bead of dew or water suspended from a thread	noun	inanimate
nyaru	short quiet between two bells or two calls	noun	inanimate
öẅesu	slanting glint visible when its surface moves	noun	inanimate
lüfe	fine line of light	noun	inanimate
zöẅe	brief wandering point of reflected light	noun	inanimate
sperto	split or fracture in stone or another rigid surface	noun	inanimate
tinshebo	sharp crack; a sudden hard sound breaking into a quieter one	noun	inanimate
zote	nick on the edge of a polished object	noun	inanimate
lowi	linger; stay on after its source has gone	verb	—
ranü	brush or touch lightly, without holding	verb	—
wöpe	fold cloth deliberately and neatly	verb	—
lavö	glitter by intermittent reflected facets	verb	animate
gönyü	catch a passing glint of light	verb	animate
thikö	snap or crack suddenly	verb	—
freru	break under pressure; split along a strained joint	verb	—
tönolye	the after-sound of a bell; the note that seems to hang in the air after the bell has stopped	noun	inanimate
nyöẅolye	remembered warmth; the feel of a touch after the hand has gone	noun	inanimate
sulolüfe	a narrow line of moonlight, especially a reflection crossing water	noun	inanimate
zorelüfe	the threadlike illuminated edge of a blossom	noun	inanimate
enyu	boat with a shallow draft; flat marsh boat	noun	inanimate
wipu	reed; flexible marsh stem	noun	inanimate
nyavu	soft mud, silt	noun	inanimate
sowe	wake; transient track made by a boat on water	noun	inanimate
alöre	woven mat of reeds	noun	inanimate
füẅo	small landing stage at a marsh channel	noun	inanimate
fiẅe	small covered lamp carried through wetlands	noun	inanimate
ẅone	sluice; controlled outlet for stored water	noun	inanimate
ẅaro	seal of a maternal council, pressed into wax or clay	noun	inanimate
föle	written truce; sworn cessation of fighting	noun	inanimate
öyo	small cup carried for drinking on a journey	noun	inanimate
lilöne	small white flower of the marsh reeds	noun	inanimate
saẅi	Saẅi; a Pleune scribe of a maternal house	proper name	animate
nyura	Nyura; a clan mother at the siege of Pleune	proper name	animate
ẅowüyi	ferrywoman; boat operator through marsh channels	noun	animate
pado	siege; sustained encirclement of a fortified settlement	noun	inanimate
dhethu	moat; dug defensive ditch around a fortress	noun	inanimate
kohu	war banner used by a clan or military company	noun	inanimate
rüwu	pointed palisade stake	noun	inanimate
velzho	earth embankment restraining water	noun	inanimate
salupro	shot or heavy shell	noun	inanimate
ünime	ferry people or goods across a waterway	verb	—
lyüẅe	drift with a current without steering	verb	—
rüwi	shelter or guard someone against immediate harm	verb	—
welya	slacken or loosen a held rope or tie	verb	—
dheẅi	hang or suspend something from a support	verb	—
deyu	fill a defensive ditch with soil or rubble	verb	—
srelgo	change political or military allegiance	verb	—
plöku	strike a barricade or palisade with force	verb	—
lyarmo	release water through a sluice or retaining gate	verb	—
zursti	sink suddenly into water or saturated earth	verb	—
hinte	withdraw a fighting force from a position	verb	—
kelythokohu	imperial war banner; banner bearing the six-clan insignia	noun	inanimate
rokgeẅone	marsh sluice; sluice governing the marsh channel	noun	inanimate
sulolilyẅe	moon-path; silver line of reflected moonlight on water, later a name for a legendary passage	noun	inanimate
fongali	Phong priest; Phong member of a priestly order	noun	animate
molethara	survivor; one who has endured and remains alive	noun	animate
srelgote	change of allegiance; going over to another side	noun	inanimate
zazhu	inundate low ground or a ditch; cover with released water	verb	—
minya	Minya; Phong reared in a Némorath priestly household	proper name	animate
lyalli	Phong hatchling; young Phong chick	noun	animate
tüne	loose feather, particularly one shed from a wing	noun	inanimate
wöwo	steam rising from hot bread or a warm vessel	noun	inanimate
lüle	narrow woven ribbon or binding strip	noun	inanimate
nyilye	chip or shard of fired ceramic	noun	inanimate
yüfishe	translucent glaze on fired earthenware	noun	inanimate
püze	hairline crack at the lip of a cup or bowl	noun	inanimate
malo	resin incense prepared for burning	noun	inanimate
gütho	iron grate used above a communal hearth	noun	inanimate
defo	cooked meat served at a meal	noun	inanimate
tübo	ash remaining after a charcoal fire	noun	inanimate
lyöde	pour a small measured quantity of liquid	verb	—
ẅümo	lose consciousness; become insensate	verb	—
nyöẅa	rub out or wipe off a written mark	verb	—
öre	eat; take food at a meal	verb	—
ploku	roast over an open charcoal fire	verb	—
shote	crack or snap suddenly (intransitive)	verb	—
ẅelyi	catch or snag on an edge (intransitive)	verb	—
yönye	gleam through cloth, glaze, or a narrow opening	verb	—
zöẅi	flash once; glint for an instant	verb	—
süẅi	let go of an object deliberately; release from an open hand	verb	—
zeyte	vision, act of seeing; in a temple record, what a witness describes seeing	noun	inanimate
yeyonyimulye	reflected image of a blue roof; remembered blue-roof outline	noun	inanimate
lisha	Lisha; Phong woman who delivers food to the closed sanctuary	proper name	animate
möli	Möli; Lisha’s daughter, novice among the Phong priesthoods	proper name	animate
yüli	plum, plum fruit	noun	animate
lüze	narrow food hatch in a wall	noun	inanimate
nödho	wooden shutter or sliding panel of a small aperture	noun	inanimate
mumo	cooked rice served warm in a bowl	noun	inanimate
lyavo	plain earthenware bowl	noun	inanimate
ẅiru	raised stone terrace	noun	inanimate
wöze	gold; worked yellow precious metal	noun	inanimate
nyima	novice serving under a priestly teacher	noun	animate
yözo	hand-carried market basket	noun	inanimate
nyo	wing, especially the wing of a Phong	noun	inanimate
hüve	small lamp with a protected flame	noun	inanimate
lyamu	woven floor mat for a meal or guests	noun	inanimate
sövu	waxed cord tied across a door or gate	noun	inanimate
thrane	heavy bolt or bar holding a gate	noun	inanimate
pötho	soft sweet steamed grain cake	noun	inanimate
mule	slide a small vessel through an aperture	verb	—
reyi	cool slowly, lose heat without sudden change	verb	—
vöge	smile at another person	verb	—
lyilo	blink or narrow the eyes against bright light	verb	—
röze	recognise a person by a familiar voice or gesture	verb	—
sota	sever a taut cord in one stroke	verb	—
shiko	laugh suddenly, with an audible burst	verb	—
yaye	say or utter a brief statement aloud	verb	—
relyi	hand a small object gently to another person	verb	—
rize	sit and remain in one place	verb	—
thena	wait at a particular place for another person	verb	—
lale	set an object down on a surface	verb	—
lyüwi	serve rice or grain into a bowl	verb	—
zidhu	clang or strike with one hard metallic sound	verb	—
lyedö	sleep lightly in a familiar sheltered place	verb	—
nöra	lean to one side, as a tree or standing object	verb	—
wözeyöẅo	golden key; gold ceremonial key	noun	inanimate
wözefe	gold cup or chalice	noun	inanimate
yülipüru	plum tree	noun	inanimate
linyri	second; ordinal numeral preceding a noun	ordinal numeral	—
lyesho	symbolic map assembled from objects; a Phong tableau	noun	inanimate
yale	running current in a channel or river	noun	inanimate
niyo	seasonal encampment of travelling households	noun	inanimate
nölo	security lasting through several seasons; assured dwelling	noun	inanimate
sarködhe	calamity, severe disruption threatening a community	noun	inanimate
müve	arrange movable things into a symbolic map	verb	—
nüye	attach one’s household to another group for mutual shelter	verb	—
höẅu	shallow ford; a place where a caravan can cross a river	noun	inanimate
löwo	long pole used to feel the riverbed from a ferryboat	noun	inanimate
ẅiwe	small, water-polished pebble	noun	inanimate
lyölu	little river shell, worn smooth by current	noun	inanimate
nyawo	travelling sandal with a soft strap	noun	inanimate
röse	palm of a hand	noun	inanimate
zefro	knot pulled tight under a heavy load	noun	inanimate
röde	wade with careful footing through shallow water	verb	—
töle	pull a rope taut, taking the strain	verb	—
pörnye	snap abruptly under tension	verb	—
düẅi	tumble or roll over in moving water	verb	—
goli	cry goods for sale; call out one’s wares in a market	verb	—
honu	hear; catch a sound	verb	—
lözhe	weed; wild plant growing where it is not wanted	noun	inanimate
avö	go out, leave	verb	—
damfu	punish	verb	—
dantho	dispute, argue a claim	verb	—
dhule	fall, drop	verb	—
dhömgü	rule alone; hold power as a sovereign	verb	—
dhösha	decide	verb	—
dhüpa	blame, accuse	verb	—
dikra	protest loudly; shout against something	verb	—
diva	lead, command	verb	—
diẅö	wound, injure	verb	—
döbi	describe	verb	—
düvyö	collapse, fail, fall apart	verb	—
düẅu	change, alter	verb	—
edhü	enter, go in	verb	—
eslu	bear, give birth to	verb	—
fösi	testify, give evidence	verb	—
giye	find	verb	—
göbi	refuse, reject	verb	—
göro	die	verb	—
gözhü	croak, as a frog	verb	—
hesü	threaten	verb	—
kiso	pretend; act out as if real	verb	—
köte	burn, be on fire	verb	—
küza	kill	verb	—
ledö	consent, agree to	verb	—
levö	come, arrive	verb	—
lutri	teach	verb	—
lyonya	dance	verb	—
lyonyu	bring	verb	—
lyuve	drive out, expel	verb	—
lyöneyö	mourn	verb	—
lyöpe	gain, win	verb	—
lyü	love	verb	—
lyüsö	examine, look into	verb	—
lyüthlu	shake, tremble	verb	—
löbi	ask	verb	—
lüha	supply, provide for	verb	—
lüla	dissolve	verb	—
lüta	live, be alive	verb	—
mazhi	keep, hold	verb	—
meẅi	appoint to an office	verb	—
mina	speak, tell	verb	—
mitö	follow	verb	—
mokö	rot, go bad	verb	—
mürvu	bring up, rear a child	verb	—
nayi	give	verb	—
nekru	fear; be wary of	verb	—
nunzho	betray	verb	—
nyölya	choose	verb	—
nyüdhö	serve; owe service to	verb	—
nöde	test, prove	verb	—
nöye	warn	verb	—
nüke	creak	verb	—
nümu	cover	verb	—
olyi	grow	verb	—
pabi	read aloud	verb	—
renyi	reconcile, make peace between	verb	—
röve	allow, permit	verb	—
rüẅö	settle a dispute	verb	—
satu	boil	verb	—
tawu	attack, invade	verb	—
thowu	return, turn back	verb	—
thösü	petition	verb	—
toye	mean, signify	verb	—
viga	fly	verb	—
wöni	plan	verb	—
yeyü	demand	verb	—
yöpü	stand	verb	—
zhamu	lose	verb	—
zheyu	become, turn into	verb	—
zheẅü	fall in value, decrease	verb	—
zhönyü	recall an officer; take back a mandate	verb	—
zohi	bark	verb	—
zufe	separate, part	verb	—
özhe	increase, grow in number	verb	—
ükö	object to	verb	—
ẅepüdhe	proclaim	verb	—
ami	same	adjective	—
blaki	false	adjective	—
eli	young; junior	adjective	—
elwi	strong, powerful	adjective	—
eyi	new	adjective	—
höwi	sick, ill	adjective	—
kuhi	bad, ill-omened	adjective	—
loyi	every, all	quantifier	—
lyüri	poor, in want	adjective	—
löni	weak	adjective	—
löyi	good, favourable	adjective	—
maẅi	other, different	adjective	—
röpti	great, large	adjective	—
sori	dangerous	adjective	—
ulyi	senior, elder, leading	adjective	—
uyi	true; lawful	adjective	—
zanyümi	rich	adjective	—
zekasi	strange, unusual	adjective	—
ẅeshi	many	quantifier	—
ẅüyi	angry	adjective	—
röli	again; back	adverb	—
dela	monarch; hereditary sole ruler	noun	animate
dösu	price	noun	inanimate
efo	day	noun	inanimate
ewöra	officeholder, appointee	noun	animate
göle	death	noun	inanimate
lizho	tongue	noun	inanimate
lizhu	toe	noun	inanimate
lyesa	successor	noun	animate
lyeyo	year	noun	inanimate
lyinye	weight used in measuring	noun	inanimate
lyösu	news	noun	inanimate
lyözo	wealth, plenty	noun	inanimate
lyöẅe	noon	noun	inanimate
lüẅo	south	noun	inanimate
möge	north	noun	inanimate
mülyo	spot, small mark	noun	inanimate
nayu	neck	noun	inanimate
nelyshu	storm	noun	inanimate
nena	woman	noun	animate
nupe	seed	noun	inanimate
nyilo	cradle	noun	inanimate
nyivo	word	noun	inanimate
nyüvlu	drunkenness	noun	inanimate
rathido	precedence, rank, standing	noun	inanimate
rewose	generation	noun	inanimate
rünye	harvest	noun	inanimate
selyu	veil	noun	inanimate
thepabe	claim	noun	inanimate
thile	siege	noun	inanimate
wuwe	favour, grace	noun	inanimate
zamu	season	noun	inanimate
zefu	silver	noun	inanimate
zhuro	oil, lamp oil	noun	inanimate
zuke	debt	noun	inanimate
zöku	west	noun	inanimate
züyi	rival, enemy	noun	animate
öma	merchant, trader	noun	animate
üde	east	noun	inanimate
üno	hill	noun	inanimate
ẅimu	sap	noun	inanimate
ẅözha	spy	noun	animate
esa	man	noun	animate
telyi	small	adjective	—
wifo	wash	verb	—
zenga	jump; jump over	verb	—
vowe	village	noun	inanimate
ulü	help	verb	—
ifo	lend	verb	—
thivo	ward, district of a city	noun	inanimate
vüyo	kind, sort	noun	inanimate
födhe	work, labour	verb	—
tuẅü	run; run away	verb	—
süfe	sweep	verb	—
züro	tool	noun	inanimate
suzhe	clothing, clothes	noun	inanimate
mima	guest	noun	animate
lyeza	deceive, cheat	verb	—
dhidhu	stop, come to an end	verb	—
ödhü	sell	verb	—
ali	friend	noun	animate
nonyu	trust	verb	—
vrashe	revenge	noun	inanimate
uvi	short, brief	adjective	—
huwo	freedom, self-government	noun	inanimate
dhithe	reason, cause	noun	inanimate
zhizha	play	verb	—
lyezhi	think, reason	verb	—
dhülye	pain	noun	inanimate
tilye	order, sequence	noun	inanimate
zido	part, portion	noun	inanimate
lanshu	place	noun	inanimate
nüne	wonder, amazement	noun	inanimate
zhuko	terror	noun	inanimate
vaẅu	leaf	noun	inanimate
föna	lesser spirit of a goddess’s retinue	noun	animate
lyanmupulya	market keeper	noun	animate
rulbepulya	keeper of a lineage	noun	animate
wesepulya	water keeper; keeper of a fountain or channel	noun	animate
yupulya	gatekeeper	noun	animate
lyuwesaro	the red wandering star	noun	inanimate
lyülemülyo	black spot	noun	inanimate
vörlulyülelyumo	boundary agreement	noun	inanimate
lyatenali	homeless; without a house	adjective	—
divathara	leader	noun	animate
kisothara	pretender, impostor	noun	animate
yeyüthara	claimant	noun	animate
düvyöte	defeat; collapse	noun	inanimate
düẅute	change	noun	inanimate
eslute	childbearing; births	noun	inanimate
eyite	renewal, newness	noun	inanimate
fösite	testimony, evidence given	noun	inanimate
honute	hearing; a formal hearing	noun	inanimate
kuhite	harm, ill fortune; blame	noun	inanimate
ledöte	consent	noun	inanimate
lyüsöte	inquiry, examination	noun	inanimate
lyüte	love	noun	inanimate
minate	talk, discussion	noun	inanimate
moköte	rot, decay; pollution	noun	inanimate
nyüdhöte	service, duty	noun	inanimate
renyite	reconciliation	noun	inanimate
sorite	danger	noun	inanimate
thösüte	petition; the right to petition	noun	inanimate
toyete	meaning	noun	inanimate
vomete	making, formation	noun	inanimate
zazhute	flood	noun	inanimate
ẅüyite	anger, wrath	noun	inanimate
Khélythëa	Khélythëa, the empire of the Six Clans	proper noun	animate
lüẅozöku	southwest	noun	inanimate
zorelyize	flower meadow; meadowland	noun	inanimate
wuvomethara	baker	noun	animate
falethara	scholar	noun	animate
ödhüthara	seller, vendor	noun	animate
födhete	work, labour; craft	noun	inanimate
danthote	dispute, quarrel	noun	inanimate
pabite	recitation, reading aloud	noun	inanimate
höwite	sickness	noun	inanimate
lyonyate	dance, dancing	noun	inanimate
meẅite	appointment to office; the right to appoint	noun	inanimate
wönite	plan	noun	inanimate
zhizhate	game, play	noun	inanimate
kisote	pretence; a scene acted out	noun	inanimate
amite	likeness, sameness	noun	inanimate
lütate	life, staying alive	noun	inanimate
döbite	description	noun	inanimate
shalete	feud, fighting	noun	inanimate
tawute	invasion, attack	noun	inanimate
lutrite	teaching; a lesson	noun	inanimate
zharethara	worshipper	noun	animate
honuthara	listener	noun	animate
nekrute	fear	noun	inanimate
nyüdhöthara	servant; one bound to service	noun	animate
edhüte	initiation; entry	noun	inanimate
levöte	coming, visit	noun	inanimate
nöyete	warning	noun	inanimate
yeyüte	demand	noun	inanimate
lyöneyöte	mourning	noun	inanimate
dhöshate	decision	noun	inanimate
vanete	invitation	noun	inanimate
virete	joining, accession	noun	inanimate
yavete	admission into an institution	noun	inanimate
thare-wese	Earth–Water: the transition from Khélmelai to Ophalrhan	noun	inanimate
wese-sare	Water–Air: the transition from Ophalrhan to Sévadrai	noun	inanimate
sare-dhu	Air–Darkness: the transition from Sévadrai to Azravor	noun	inanimate
fare-yore	Fire–Sound: the transition from Róskaï to Lunetyen	noun	inanimate
ẅepüdhete	proclamation, public statement	noun	inanimate
thowute	return, giving back	noun	inanimate
lüwe	smell, give off a scent	verb	—
söpa	taste	verb	—
ẅelyo	bathe	verb	—
siwü	whistle	verb	—
towü	swim	verb	—
yöne	float on the surface	verb	—
tume	climb	verb	—
döro	bake	verb	—
lalye	embroider	verb	—
nyönü	greet	verb	—
lyumo	ring, chime (of a bell)	verb	—
shöẅü	blow (of the wind)	verb	—
zhülyu	rest	verb	—
lünye	hum	verb	—
zezhi	tease	verb	—
ẅeko	wave (the hand or a wing)	verb	—
lyowe	ripen	verb	—
nölyü	bloom, open (of a flower)	verb	—
fopü	stir	verb	—
lenu	buy	verb	—
dhale	pay	verb	—
kükö	knock	verb	—
frömu	scold	verb	—
kize	chase	verb	—
mömi	glad, cheerful	adjective	—
löpi	tired	adjective	—
thedi	hungry	adjective	—
nüẅi	wet	adjective	—
yeyi	full	adjective	—
muwi	slow	adjective	—
lyalyi	clean	adjective	—
vöyi	loud	adjective	—
felyi	sour	adjective	—
goya	fish	noun	animate
züẅa	bee	noun	animate
lyewa	moth	noun	animate
türa	heron	noun	animate
nyülyu	honey	noun	inanimate
elo	egg	noun	inanimate
üre	soup, broth	noun	inanimate
müẅu	moss	noun	inanimate
lyüshu	grass	noun	inanimate
dhöẅu	smoke	noun	inanimate
nire	dusk	noun	inanimate
iẅe	spring (the season)	noun	inanimate
fayo	autumn	noun	inanimate
vüwu	rainbow	noun	inanimate
weröro	waterfall	noun	inanimate
baso	valley	noun	inanimate
zeru	sand	noun	inanimate
ẅizhu	lattice window	noun	inanimate
lyödo	paper lantern	noun	inanimate
pöẅu	jar	noun	inanimate
tilo	comb	noun	inanimate
lare	kite	noun	inanimate
sino	flute	noun	inanimate
labo	paper	noun	inanimate
vöwo	swing	noun	inanimate
kipe	drum	noun	inanimate
sito	needle	noun	inanimate
vüwulye	image of a rainbow; a rainbow seen in water	noun	inanimate
shulẅoya	the Wind thought of as a person	noun	animate
ẅusha	slip, slide on a wet or icy surface	verb	—
wena	forget	verb	—
mile	drink	verb	—
ahe	sigh	verb	—
mevi	lie down	verb	—
lilö	drip	verb	—
wivö	spill (a liquid)	verb	—
nyelö	dry in the sun or the wind	verb	—
hüru	weep	verb	—
nyirü	believe	verb	—
rüko	comb (wool or hair)	verb	—
kesa	unload	verb	—
peni	weigh on a balance	verb	—
wefa	dye (cloth or yarn)	verb	—
zopi	add up, total (an account)	verb	—
süshe	wipe clean	verb	—
klü	crackle, tick (of frost or cooling stone)	verb	—
shofa	yell, cry out	verb	—
noke	bend under a weight	verb	—
dhüspe	ache with cold (of teeth or fingers)	verb	—
zeshü	yellow, pale gold	adjective	—
owü	white	adjective	—
kile	grey	adjective	—
tepö	dear, costly	adjective	—
yüẅo	plum wine, the sweet wine of the City	noun	inanimate
nyüfo	story, tale told aloud	noun	inanimate
völu	lake, mountain lake	noun	inanimate
lüblu	skein of yarn	noun	inanimate
bowa	duck	noun	animate
lero	greens, leaf vegetables	noun	inanimate
vula	Vula, who keeps a wine shop by the stone bridge (personal name)	proper name	animate
eya	Eya, a young dyer (personal name)	proper name	animate
mayöma	Mayöma, a young woman of the City (personal name)	proper name	animate
pova	farmer; villager who brings produce to market	noun	animate
vadhe	copper	noun	inanimate
dhüdu	cooking pot	noun	inanimate
yüho	balance, pair of scales	noun	inanimate
bavo	shoulder	noun	inanimate
kiyo	chest, lidded box for cloth	noun	inanimate
ligu	brazier	noun	inanimate
suvüle	bench	noun	inanimate
rüve	pole; carrying pole	noun	inanimate
rüli	Rüli, Mayöma’s partner (personal name)	proper name	animate
göga	Göga, a roofer (personal name)	proper name	animate
nyumi	mouse	noun	animate
könpo	turnip	noun	inanimate
dösru	mountain pass	noun	inanimate
zomgübo	bale, bound load	noun	inanimate
kesnyu	elbow	noun	inanimate
lyüköke	crumb	noun	inanimate
ralipulya	mammoth driver; keeper of a caravan’s mammoths	noun	animate
wefathara	dyer	noun	animate